QMP 7.1 D/F Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution) NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216. Karnataka. Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering LAB MANUAL ( 2016 17) 15EEL48 OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY IV Semester E&E Engineering Name : U S N : Batch : Section :
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution) NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216. Karnataka. Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY Version 1.0 Feb 2017 Prepared by: Mrs.Prathibha T Mrs. Roopa S Reviewed by: Mrs. Lokanathan M S Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Approved by: Prof. V C Kumar Professor & Head, Dept. of EEE
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution) NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216. Karnataka. OUR VISION To create centers of excellence in education and to serve the society by enhancing the quality of life through value based professional leadership. OUR MISSION To provide high quality technical and professionally relevant education in a diverse learning environment. To provide the values that prepare students to lead their lives with personal integrity, professional ethics and civic responsibility in a global society. To prepare the next generation of skilled professionals to successfully compete in the diverse global market. To promote a campus environment that welcomes and honors women and men of all races, creeds and cultures, values and intellectual curiosity, pursuit of knowledge and academic integrity and freedom. To offer a wide variety of off-campus education and training programmes to individuals and groups. To stimulate collaborative efforts with industry, universities, government and professional societies. To facilitate public understanding of technical issues and achieve excellence in the operations of the institute. QUALITY POLICY Our organization delights customers (students, parents and society) by providing value added quality education to meet the national and international requirements. We also provide necessary steps to train the students for placement and continue to improve our methods of education to the students through effective quality management system, quality policy and quality objectives.
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution) NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216. Karnataka. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING VISION: To be a department of excellence in electrical and electronics Engineering education and Research, thereby to provide technically competent and ethical professionals to serve the society. MISSION: To provide high quality technical and professionally relevant education in the field of electrical engineering. To prepare the next generation of electrically skilled professionals to successfully compete in the diverse global market. To nurture their creative ideas through research activities. To promote research and development in electrical technology and management for the benefit of the society. To provide right ambience and opportunities for the students to develop into creative, talented and globally competent professionals in electrical sector.
SYLLABUS OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY Sub Code: 15EEL48 IA Marks: 20 Hrs/ Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hrs. 42 Exam Marks: 80 1. Design and verify a precision full wave rectifier. Determine the performance parameters. 2. Design and realize to analyse the frequency response of an op amp amplifier under Inverting and non - inverting configuration for a given gain. 3. Design and verify the output waveform of an op amp RC phase shift oscillator for a desired frequency. 4. Design and realize Schmitt trigger circuit using an op amp for desired upper trip point (UTP) and lower trip point (LTP). 5. Verify the operation of an op amp as (a) voltage comparator circuit and (b) zero crossing detector. 6. Design and verify the operation of op amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor (c) integrator and (d) differentiator. 7. Design and realize an op amp based first order Butterworth (a) low pass (b) high pass and (c) band pass filters for a given cut off frequency/frequencies to verify the frequency response characteristic. 8. Design and realize an op amp based function generator to generate sine, square and triangular waves of desired frequency. 9. Design and realization of R 2R ladder DAC. 10. Realization of Two bit Flash ADC. 11. Design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse. 12. Designing of Fixed voltage power supply (voltage regulator) using IC regulators 78 series and 79 series.
Instructions to the Candidates 1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the experiment to be conducted. 2. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the practical record fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment conducted in the previous class. 3. Experiment should be started only after the staff-in-charge has checked the circuit diagram. 4. All the calculations should be made in the observation book. Specimen calculations for one set of readings have to be shown in the practical record. 5. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used and the same should be firmly attached to the practical record. 6. Practical record should be neatly maintained. 7. The students should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the observation/manual book after completing each experiment. 8. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the practical record before procedure in your own words.
Instructions to the students 1. Come prepared to the lab with relevant theory about the experiment you are conducting. 2. Before switching on the power supply, make sure that the voltage knobs are in minimum position and current knobs are in maximum position. 3. While using electrolytic capacitors, connect them in the right polarity. 4. Before doing the circuit connection, check the active components, CRO probes, equipment etc., for their good working condition. 5. Do not use the multimeter, if the low battery indication comes 6. While using function generators make sure that DC offset is off
OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY Course objectives 1. To understand the importance of op-amp in various applications like Precision Rectifiers, Filters, and DAC. 2. To design the non-linear application of op-amp such as Schmitt circuit. 3. To study and design the application of 555 timer like monostable multivibrator. 4. Familiarize the conversion of data from Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog. 5. Design and construct waveform generation circuits using op-amp. Course outcomes After completing this course the students will be able to, 1. Understand the various applications of linear IC s like 741 and 555 timer. 2. Define significance of Op Amps and their importance. 3. Build circuits using Analog IC s. 4. In-depth knowledge of applying the concepts in real time applications. 5. Ability to use OP Amp as Summer, Subtractor. 6. Able to use OP Amp to generate sine, square and triangular wave forms. 7. Able to use OP Amp as analog to digital and digital to analog converter. 8. Design and explain the Analog to Digital conversion operation and vice versa
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution) NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216. Karnataka. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. Exp. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CONTENTS Title of the Experiment Design and verify a precision full wave rectifier. Determine the performance parameters. Design and realize to analyse the frequency response of an op amp amplifier under Inverting and non - inverting configuration for a given gain. Design and verify the output waveform of an op amp RC phase shift oscillator for a desired frequency. Design and realize Schmitt trigger circuit using an op amp for desired upper trip point (UTP) and lower trip point (LTP). Verify the operation of an op amp as (a) voltage comparator circuit and (b) zero crossing detector. Design and verify the operation of op amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor (c) integrator and (d) differentiator. Design and realize an op amp based first order Butterworth (a) low pass (b) high pass and (c) band pass filters for a given cut off frequency/frequencies to verify the frequency response characteristic. Design and realize an op amp based function generator to generate sine, square and triangular waves of desired frequency. Page No 2 6 10 14 18 20 26 34 9 Design and realization of R 2R ladder DAC. 36 10 Realization of Two bit Flash ADC. 40 11 Design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse. 42 12 Designing of Fixed voltage power supply (voltage regulator) using IC regulators 78 series and 79 series. 46
References 49 Annexure Viva Questions 50 Question Bank 52 Appendix 53
Full wave Precision Rectifier (FWPR) Circuit Diagram: Rf R R R i =1k V i 2 15V 7 - μa 741 + 4-15V 1 6 D 1 BY127 D 2 BY127 2 15V 7 - μa 741 + 4-15V 1 5 6 Vo Rf =10k Waveforms of FWPR: Transfer characteristics: V in Vo t V 1 t V 2 V O t V in t Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 1
Experiment No. : 1 Date: / / FULL WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIERS Aim : To design full wave precision rectifiers for given specifications and to determine the Apparatus : performance parameters. Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity 1. Op-amp A 741 02 2. Diode BY 127 02 3. Resistors As per design - 4. Multimeter 01 5. Adopter 01 6. CRO + Probes 01 Set 7. Spring board + Connecting wires 01 Set Procedure : 1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram. 2. A sinusoidal input of frequency 100Hz and amplitude 0.5V is applied from a function generator. 3. Rectified output is observed on the CRO. To get equal amplification in both cycles the DC offset from function generator is carefully adjusted. 4. Input and output voltage levels are noted. 5. A plot of Vo V/S Vi plotted by feeding Vi to channel A and Vo to channel B and time knob to X via A mode. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 2
Design of FWPR: Specification : For A 10 V Choose R 10 K & R 1 K, R 10K f i i1 A V R f R f 10K 10K A1A 2 10 R R 1K 10K i i1 For A 1 V, Choose R f = 10kΩ & R i = 10kΩ A V R f R f 10K 10K A1A 2 1 R i R i 10K 10K Result : Tabular column : Sl. No. Theoretical values of AV Practical values of AV FWPR: 1. 2. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 3
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Circuit Diagram: Inverting amplifier: Non-inverting amplifier: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 5
Experiment No. : 2 Date: / / Frequency response of an op amp amplifier under Inverting and non - inverting configuration Aim: To design inverting and non-inverting amplifier for a given gain and analyse the frequency response of an op-amp amplifier. Apparatus Required: Sl. No. Particulars Range Quantity 1. Op Amp µa741-01 2. Resistors As per design - 3. CRO Probes - 03 4. Multi meter - 01 5. Fixed voltage power supply ±15V 01 6. Spring board and connecting wires - - Procedure: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Connect the Vcc, VEE supply as +15V and -15V carefully to the respective pins of the IC - µa 741 3. Set the suitable frequency & amplitude in the source (Vsin) to get the distortion less output. Note down the amplitude of the input signal. 4. Keeping the input amplitude constant, Vary the frequency in suitable steps and note down the corresponding output amplitude. 5. Calculate AV and gain in decibels. Plot a graph of frequency Vs gain in db. From the graph calculate f L, f H and band width. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 6
Design: Inverting amplifier: Given Gain Value ( Av ) =1 Let R1 = 10KΩ C1=C2=0.1µF A v R R 2 1 : Therefore R2 = 10KΩ. Non-inverting amplifier: Given Av= 2 A v R R f 1 1 Let R1 = 10KΩ Therefore Rf = 10KΩ Ideal Graph : f L = Lower cutoff frequency f H = Higher cutoff frequency Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 7
Result: Tabular column: Vi = V F in Hz Vo in Volt AV = Vo / Vi Gain in db = 20*log AV Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 8
Circuit Diagram: RC-PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR Output waveform Vo T Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 9
Experiment No. : 3 Date: / / RC-Phase Shift Oscillator using Op-Amp Aim: Design and verify the output waveform of an op amp RC phase shift oscillator for a desired Frequency. Apparatus Required: Sl. No. Particulars Range Quantity 1. Op Amp µa741 01 2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design - 3. CRO Probes - 1 Set 4. Multi meter - 01 5. Fixed voltage power supply ±15V 01 6. Spring board and connecting wires - - Procedure: 1. Components / equipment are tested for their good working condition. 2. Connections are made as shown in the diagram. 3. Dual power supply (15V) is switched ON and feedback resistor Rf is adjusted to get sustained oscillations. 4. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the frequency. 5. Verify the frequency with the designed value. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 10
Design: Result: fo Theoretical = Hz fo Practical = Hz Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 11
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Circuit Diagram: Wave forms: Transfer characteristics: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 13
Experiment No. : 4 Date: / / SCHMITT TRIGGER Aim : To design a Schmitt trigger circuit for the given specifications and hence to plot its output wave form and transfer characteristics. Apparatus : Sl.No. Particulars Range Quantity 1. Op-amp µa741 01 2. Resistors as per design - 3. Multimeter 01 4. Spring board & connecting wires 01 Set Procedure : 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. A sinusoidal input whose amplitude is greater than the magnitude of the UTP & LTP is applied, a square wave output is obtained and observed on the CRO. 3. UTP & LTP points are noted. 4. To obtain transfer characteristics, input is applied to channel A and output to channel B. 5. UTP & LTP are measured on the transfer characteristics. Note : The amplitude of the input voltage should be greater than the magnitude of UTP & LTP level. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 14
Design : Specifications :UTP = 6V, LTP = -2V VRR1 VsatR2 UTP 6 1 R R R R 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 VRR1 VsatR2 LTP 2 2 R R R R sat 2 1 2 UTP LTP 8 2 3 1 2 R 1 1 2 UTP LTP 4 2 4 Let Vsat = 12 V & R2 = 10kΩ ( 1 3) R 20k 4 V 3V R V R R R R VR R 1 2 Result : Tabular Column: Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. UTP LTP Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 15
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Circuit Diagram: (a) Voltage comparator circuit Wave forms: (b) Zero crossing detector. Wave forms: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 17
Experiment No. : 5 Date: / / Voltage comparator and Zero crossing detector Aim: To verify the operation of an op amp as voltage comparator and zero crossing detector. Apparatus: Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity 1. Op-amp µa 741 02 2. Resistors - - 3. Multimeter 01 4. Adopter 01 5. CRO + Probes 01 Set 6. Spring board & connecting wires 01 Set Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin 7 and -15V to pin 4 of IC 741 respectively from IC Trainer kit. Connect the ground to the ground point. 3. Set the reference voltage as 1V DC. 4. Apply sine wave of 10Vp-p with1khz frequency from the function generator as Vi. 5. Check the output in CRO and calculate the amplitude of the output wave form. 6. Compare the output wave form amplitude with input signal amplitude. Result: V ref(v) V i (V) V o(v) Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 18
Circuit Diagram: (a) ADDER Design: R f = 10k R 1 = R 2 = 10k If R 1 = R 2 = R f = R, then V 0 = - (V 1 + V 2) (b) Subtractor Design: R f & R = 10k, R 1 & R 2 = 10k If R f = R 1 = R 2 = R, then V 0 = V 2 - V 1 V o = V 2 V 1 Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 19
Experiment No. : 6 Date: / / Verify the operation of op amp as an adder, subtractor, integrator and differentiator Aim: Design and verify the operation of op amp as an adder, sub tractor, integrator and differentiator. Apparatus: Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity 1. Op-amp µa 741 02 2. Resistors As per design - 3. Multimeter 01 4. CRO + Probes 01 Set 5. Spring board & connecting wires 01 Set PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Apply AC input signal to the input terminals of an op-amp. 3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp. 4. Observe the output wave forms on CRO. 5. Measure the DC output voltage using multimeter. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 20
C. Integrator Design: Given: Triangular output waveform with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 4 V The input is a ±5 V square wave with a frequency of 500 Hz C1=0.1 µf T 1 t 1ms 2 2 f v 4V I C1 v t 1 400 A R 1 Vi I 1 5 12.5K 400 R2=20R1=250 KΩ (270KΩ) R3=R1 Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 21
Waveforms: d) Differentiator. Waveforms: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 22
Design: Design a differentiating circuit to give an output of 5V when input changes by 1V in a time of 100 µs.use an op-amp with a bipolar input stage. I 1 I B(max) I1=500 µa V0 5 R2 10K I 500 C 1 I 1 t V 1 0.05 F R 1 R2 500 20 R3=R2 VCC ±(V 0+3V) Result: Tabular Column: V1 V2 Vo theoretical Vo practical Adder Subtractor Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 23
Integrator: Input- Square wave Output -Triangular wave Amplitude Time period Amplitude Time period Input-Sine wave Output -Cosine wave Amplitude Time period Amplitude Time period Differentiator: Input- square wave Output -Spikes Amplitude Time period Amplitude Time period Input- sine wave Output -cosine Amplitude Time period Amplitude Time period Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 24
Circuit Diagram : Low pass Filter Expected graph : Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 25
Experiment No. : 7 Date: / / FIRST ORDER BUTTER WORTH ACTIVE LOW PASS & HIGH PASS FILTER Aim: To conduct an experiment to study the frequency response of an 1 st order active Low Pass and High Pass Filter. Apparatus: Sl.No. Particulars Range Quantity 1. Op-amp μa 741 01 2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design 04 3. CRO + Probes - 01 set 4. Adaptor - 01 5. Spring board + connecting wires - 01 set Procedure: 1. Check the components/equipments for their working condition. 2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 3. Apply sine eave signal of amplitude 5V peak to peak(approximately). 4. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding output amplitude. 5. Tabulate the readings and plot a graph of frequency Vs Gain in db. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 26
Design : Specification : Pass Band Gain (Av ) = 1.586 Cut-off frequency fh = 5kHz R i) AV 1 R Assume R f A f 10K 10 K 1.586 1 RA 17.064 K R A fh = 1 / (2 RC) 1 1 2 f C 2 X 5X10 X 0.1X10 Assume C = 0.1µF Then R 318 Use std 330 R1 = R = 318 Ω Tabular Column : H 3 6 Vi = V f in Hz Vo in Volt Av = Vo / Vi Gain in db = 20 Log Av Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 27
High pass Filter Expected graph : Gain(dB) +20dB/dec 3dB f L f (Hz) Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 28
Design : Specifications : Pass Band Gain (Av ) = 1.586 Cut-off frequency fl = 5kHz R i) AV 1 R Assume R f A f 10K 10 K 1.586 1 RA 17.064 K R A The cutoff frequency fl = 1 / (2 RC) Assume C = 0.1µF Then 1 1 R 3 6 2 f C 2 X 5X10 X 0.1X10 318 Use std 330 L R1 = R = 318 Ω Tabular Column : Vi = V f in Hz Vo in Volt Av = Vo / Vi Gain in db = 20 Log (Av) Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 29
Band pass filter Expected graph : Gain (db) 3dB +20 db/dec B.W -20dB/dec f L f H f (Hz) Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 30
Design : Specification : Pass Band Gain ( Av ) = 1.586 Cutoff frequencies f L = 5 khz, f H = 8 khz, Bandwidth = 3 khz R i) AV 1 R f A 10 K Assume R f 10K Then 1.586 1 RA 17.064K R ii) LPF: A The cutoff frequency fh = 1 / (2 RaCa) Assume Ca = 0.1µF Then iii) HPF: R a 1 1 198 3 6 Use std 220 2 f C 2 X 8X10 X 0.1X10 H The cutoff frequency fl = 1 / (2 RbCb) Assume Cb = 0.1µF Then 1 1 Rb 318 3 6 Use std 330 2 f C 2 X 5X10 X 0.1X10 L Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 31
Tabular Column : For BPF: Vi = V f in Hz Vo in Volt Av = Vo / Vi Gain in db = 20 Log Av Result: Low Pass Filter : Cut off frequency, fh Theoretical Cut off frequency, fh Practical Pass band gain Av Theoretical Pass band gain Av Practical Roll off Theoretical Roll off Practical = = = = = = High Pass Filter : Cut off frequency, fl Theoretical Cut off frequency, fl Practical Pass band gain Av Theoretical Pass band gain Av Practical Roll off Theoretical Roll off Practical = = = = = = Band Pass Filter: Cut off frequency, fh Theoretical = Cut off frequency, fh Practical = Cut off frequency, fl Theoretical = Cut off frequency, fl Practical = Pass band gain Av Theoretical = Pass band gain Av Practical = Roll off Theoretical = Roll off Practical = Bandwidth Theoretical = Bandwidth Practical = Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 32
Circuit Diagram : OP-amp based function generator to generate sine, triangular & square waveforms Wave forms: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 33
Experiment No. : 8 Date: / / Function generator using op-amp Aim: To generate sine, triangular & square waveforms & to determine the Frequency of oscillations. Apparatus: Sl.No. Particulars Range Quantity 1. Op-amp LM 324 01 2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design 3. CRO + Probes - 01 set 4. Fixed voltage power supply ±15V 01 5. Spring board + connecting wires - 01 set Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 2. Vary the pot & observe the output on the CRO. 3. Calculate theoretical and practical output signal frequency and compare them. Result: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 34
Circuit diagram: Design : Specification: Design a 4 bit R-2R DAC for an output voltage, V0 = 5V, when the input is 10V. (i.e., binary no. 1010). D3 D2 D1 D0 ( 10 )10 = ( 1 0 1 0 ) 2 Therefore D3 = 1 (MSB), D2 = 0, D1 = 1, D0 = 0 (LSB) V Rf o 1K Rf AV Vo AV Vi AV A1A 2 Vi R 1K R Rf Vref Vo Do 2D1 4D2 8D3 R 16 R f 5 5 0 2 0 8 R 16 Rf 8 5Rf 8R R 5 Let R 5 K & 2R 10K R f 8K Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 35
Experiment No. : 9 Date: / / 4-BIT R-2R DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER Aim : To design 4 bit R-2R ladder DAC using Op-Amp for an output voltage of 5 V when the input is 10 (Binary 1010). Apparatus : Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity 1. IC µa741 02 2. Resistors As per design - 3. Multimeter - 01 4. Base board + connecting wires - 01 Set Procedure : 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Digital input data is given at D3, D2, D1, D0 and corresponding analog output voltage V0 is measured. 3. Tabulate the readings & plot the graph between Vo on y-axis Vin on X-axis. Note : 1. D0.D1.D2 & D3 are binary input. 2. Vo is the analog output. 3. Binary inputs Do.D1.D2 & D3 can take either the value 0 or 1. 4. Binary input Di (i = 0 to 3) can be made 0 by connecting the i/p to ground. It can be made 1 by connecting to 5 V. Logic 0 0V Logic 1 +5V Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 36
The output voltage is proportional to the relation below D V o o 2 0 D 2 1 1 D 4 2 2 2 2 d 3 2 3 V ref Result : Decimal Value Binary Inputs D3 D2 D1 D0 Analog O/P Vo(volts) Theoretical values Analog O/P Vo(volts) Practical values 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 1 0 7 0 1 1 1 8 1 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 10 1 0 1 0 11 1 0 1 1 12 1 1 0 0 13 1 1 0 1 14 1 1 1 0 15 1 1 1 1 Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 37
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Circuit Diagram: Truth Table of ADC Two bit Flash ADC Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 39
Experiment No. : 10 Date: / / Realization of two bit Flash ADC Aim : To realize two bit Flash ADC Apparatus : Sl. No. 1. IC Particulars Specification Quantity LM324 7404 7432 7409 2. Resistors 1K 04 3. Multimeter - 01 4. Base board + connecting wires - 01 Set 04 Procedure : 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Apply the different analog input voltages and note down the output. Result: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 40
Circuit Diagram : Monostable multivibrator Design : Specification : output pulse width =Delay time =0.5 ms Output delay time T 1.1R C Let RA = 10 K Then Here V d A Td C 0.045 F Use0.047 F standard capacitor 1.1R UT A 2 VCC upper threshold voltage 3 Choose RT CT Td Td Select RC T T 10 T 1 Output duty cycle d d f Input trigger pulse frequency T T Adjust input frequency f from the pulse generator to f = 1KHz i.e., T = 1ms (i.e., twice the output delay time Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 41
Experiment No. : 11 Date: / / IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse Aim: To design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse Apparatus : Sl.No. Particulars Range Quantity 1. IC 555 timer 01 2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design - 3. Diode BY127 02 4. Spring board + connecting wires - 01 set Procedure: 1. Check the components/equipments for their working condition. 2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 3. Switch on the power supply and observe the output waveforms on CRO and measure Td value and verify with the designed value. 4. observe the waveforms at different points as shown in the waveforms. Result : MULTIVIBRATORS Ton Toff Td Monostable Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 42
Expected waveforms : Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 43
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Circuit diagram: Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 45
Experiment No. : 12 Date: / / Designing of Fixed voltage power supply using IC regulators Aim: To design & construct regulated power supply using IC regulators 78 and 79 series APPARATUS REQUIRED: SL no Apparatus Range Quantity 1 Diode(BY127) - 4 2 Resistor 1KΩ 1 each 3 Step down Transformer 12-0-12 1 4 CRO - 1 5 Probes - 1set 6 Capacitors 1000µF 2 PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuits as shown in the Circuit diagram. 2. Apply 230V, 50Hz input to primary of the transformer. 3. Observe the rectified output waveform across the load resistance RL. 4. Using multimeter measure voltage across resistors(v01 & V02). Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 46
Graph: Regulated power supply using IC 7812 and 7912 Vo1 +12V I L -12V Vo2 Design: For without filter, Given VDC = 12 V, IDC = 12mA, RL = VDC / IDC = 1 k, PRL = VDC 2 / RL = 0256 W V DC = 2Vm/π, V m = 18.37 V, V rms = Vm / 2, So Vrms=13.43 V, ( 12 V ) Choose transformer of rating 12V - 0 12V / 12mA for bridge rectifier Choose RL = 1 k / 0.256 W, C = 470 f / 12.V Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 47
Design:(Additional calculation for with filter), Given VDC = 12 V, IDC = 12ma, =0.006, From = 1 / ( 4 3 fcrl ), C = 481 f, ( 470 f ) ( f = 50 Hz ) Result: Tabular Column: Vdc Vrpp Vrrms=Vrpp / 2 3 V01 V02 Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 48
REFERENCES 1. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A Gayakwad, Pearson Publications, 4 th Edition 2015. 2.Operational Amplifiers and Linear ICs by David A. Bell Oxford University Press publications, 3 rd Edition 2011. 3. Linear Integrated Circuits; Analysis, Design and Applications by B. Somanthan Nair, Wiley India Publications, 2013. 4. Linear Integrated Circuits by S. Salivahanan, etal, Mc Graw Hill publications, 2 nd Edition, 2014. 5. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits K. Lal Kishore Pearson publications, 1 st Edition, 2012. 6.Linear Integrated Circuits by Muhammad H Rashid, Cengage Learning publications, 1 st Edition,2014. 7.Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Concept and Application by James M Fiore, Cengage publications, 2009. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 49
VIVA QUESTIONS 1. What is Op-amp? What are the ideal characteristics of op-amp. 2. Give the practical values of voltage gain, Zin, Zout of an op-amp. 3. What is meant by CMRR? What is its significance. 4. Why gain of op-amp should be infinite. 5. What is slew rate, output offset voltage. 6. What is meant by maximum output voltage swing. 7. What is meant by inverting amplifier. 8. What is meant by non-inverting amplifier. 9. What is a voltage follower? How do you realize a voltage follower. 10. What is a comparator? 11. Why the output of comparator is always square wave. 12. Which circuit is called regenerative comparator and why. 13. What is trip point in comparator? 14. What are the limitations of comparator? 15. What is the condition for the circuit to work as integrator and differentiator. 16. What is ZCD and give one of its applications? 17. What is summer. 18. What is Schmitt Trigger. 19. Explain the working of Schmitt trigger. 20. What is meant by UTP and LTP. 21. Define Dead band or Dead zone. 22. Mention the applications of Schmitt Trigger. 23. Define Rectifier. 24. Name the types of Rectifier. 25. What is Precision Rectifier. 26. Realize the rectifier circuits using diodes. 27. Mention types of precision rectifier. 28. Explain the working of Full Wave Precision Rectifier. 29. Define Conversion. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 50
30. Different types of D/A Converter. 31. Working of R-2R D/A Converter. 32. What do you understand by DAC and ADC? Where is it used. 33. What is advantage of R-2R DAC over other type DAC. 34. What is resolution (step size) in a DAC. 35. What is offset error in a DAC. 36. What are the different types of ADC. 37. Which is the fastest ADC? What are its limitations. 38. Which is the most commonly used ADC. 39. What is a filter. 40. Distinguish between active and passive filters. 41. Distinguish between analog and digital filters. 42. What are the advantages of active filters over passive filters. 43. Explain the classification of filters. 44. Define low pass filter. 45. Define high pass filter. 46. Why inductors are not often used in filters. 47. What are the applications of filters. 48. Mention some of the linear applications of op amps 49. Mention some of the non linear applications of op-amps? 50. What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not grounded? 51. What is a comparator? 52. Explain barkhausen criterion for oscillations? 53. What is a voltage regulator? 54. What are the advantages of IC voltage regulators? Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 51
Qusetion Bank 1. Design a schmitt trigger circuit for the given values of UTP = V & LTP = V and draw the relevant waveforms. 2. Design a 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC to give an analog output voltage of V when the digital input voltage is V. 3. Conduct an experiment on full wave precision rectifier for a given gain. 4. Design a first order butter worth active low pass filter for a given cutoff frequency fc = KHz (<10KHz). 5. Design a first order butter worth active high pass filter for a given cutoff frequency fc = KHz (<10KHz. 6. Design a first order butter worth active band pass filter for a given cutoff frequency fh = KHz and fl = KHz. 7. Design a Monostable multivibrator for a given pulse width. 8. Design and realize an op amp based function generator to generate sine, square and triangular waves of desired frequency. 9. Realize two bit Flash ADC. 10. Design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse. 11. Design a Fixed voltage power supply using IC regulators 78 series and 78 series. 12. Design and verify the operation of op amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor (c) integrator and (d)differentiator. 13. Verify the operation of an op amp as (a) voltage comparator circuit and (b) zero crossing detector. 14. Design and verify the output waveform of an op amp RC phase shift oscillator for a desired frequency. 15.Design and realize to analyse the frequency response of an op amp amplifier under Inverting and non - inverting configuration for a given gain. Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 52
PIN CONFIGURATIONS APPENDIX 1. 741 IC 2. 555 TIMER 3. 78XX and 79XX 78XX 79XX Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 53
Single Supply Quad Operational Amplifiers IC LM324 Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur 572 216 54