Index Page numbers in bold refer to figures and page numbers in italic refer to tables. Air permeance 66, 135-6 AFM 60,60-1 'Apron size press' 84, 85 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 60,60- Barrier dispersion coatings 208-9, 209 additives 213 aim of 211,212 application technologies 209-10 blocking 224, 225 Cobb values 221 composting 227-8 film formation 214,214,215-17 gas barriers 223 gluing 225 heat sealing 224, 225 materials used 211, 213-14 methods 209, 210 molecular weight 211 odour and taste barriers 223 oil, fat and grease resistance 222-3 pinholes 223 recycling 226-7 surface sizing effects 221 ultraviolet light 223 use of 211, 225--6 viscosity 217,218,219 waste handling 214 water absorption 213, 221-2 water vapour resistance 220--1 see also Synthetic latices Barrier property tests 221 Billblade coater 22 Blade-coating 3, 9, 20, 24 application systems 9, 10--12, 11 barrier dispersion coatings 210 boards 16-17 characteristics 12-13, 13 folding boxboard 16 graphic board 16,17,17 low coat-weight papers 17-18,18-19 papers 17-19 speciality papers 18, 19 starches 99-102, 101, 103 system 9, 10--12, 11 treatment line 14-15 viscosity 114 wood-free papers 18, 19 see also Billblade coater; Twostream coater Bleaching 188 see also Deinking and fluorescent brightening agents Bleedfastness 183, 185 Brightness control 173 measuring 172-3 instrument specification 171-2 see also Fluorescent brightening agents Bronzing 179-80 Buffered brighteners 162, 163 Calender stack dyeing 187 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 116, 117 carrier for FBAs 164-7 recycling 246 Cationic additives effect on brightening agents 167 recycling 170,244-5 Coating slip dyeing 185--6 dyes used 186, 187 pigments used 186, 187 Colloid stability 52-8, 120--5 Cobb values 221 Coloration, see Dyeing Composting 227-8 Corrugated packaging materials 256 Deep dyeings 181 De-inked pulp 105--6, 135, 150, 227 De-inking 248-9 colour stripping 253 de-ashing 253 dispersion 253 efficiency of 251 flotation stage 250, 251, 252 stickies 252 washing 252-3 waste removal 249 water circuits 253-4 see also Bleaching Dewatering 34--6
260 INDEX Digital press 8 Dilatant flow 112, 112, 113, 114 Disulpho brighteners 160-1, 161 DMA 63,64 Dyeing 190 broke treatment 187 bleaching 188 bronzing 179-80 storage 187-8 calendar stack dyeing 187 coating slip dyeing, see Coating slip dyeing deep dyeings 181 materials used 175 methods 175, 188-9, 189 size press dyeing, see Size press dyeing split addition method 179, 184, 189, 189 spraying 187 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 63, 64 FBAs, see Fluorescent brightening agents Film formation 145 see also Barrier dispersion coatings; Synthetic latices Film presses 42 barrier dispersion coatings 210 coating 33 colour de-watering 34-{), 35 colour penetration 34 colour spreading 34 film splitting 3{H1 fluorescent brightening agents 165 metering 25 blade 31 grooved-rod 25-8, 30, 41 smooth-rod 28-30, 41 nip mechanics 41 non-impact printing papers 205, 206 paper quality control of 39-40 precalendering 39 roll covers 41 starches 82, 85, 86, 87 surface sizing 31-3 technological advances 24--5 see also SymSizer; Metered size press Film splitting 28, 36, 180 see also 'Orange peel' appearance Fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) 156,157, 157, 163, 173-4 acidity 167 application of 163, 164 brightener addition levels 165, 166 film press 165 size press 165 surface application 164--5, 165, 166 buffered brighteners 162, 163 cationicity 167 chemical nature 158, 160, 160, 160 concentration 167 contin uous monitoring 173 destruction 170-1 disulpho brighteners 160-1, 161 greening 166, 167, 168 harmful effects 173 hexasulpho brighteners 162, 162 lightfastness 169 performance measurement 171-3 problems 168 quantum efficiency 158 recycling 170-1 shade build curves 158, 162 starch temperature 167, 168 tetrasulpho brighteners 161, 161, 162, 162, 163 tetrasulpholhexasulpho mixtures 163, 164 Foam size press dyeing 180 surface sizing 152 Foam-coat size presses 84 Folding boxboard 16 Gate-roll coater 23-4, 82, 84, 85 Glass transition temperature 61,63 Graphic board 16, 17, 17 Greening 166, 167, 168 Grooved-rod metering 25-8, 30, 41 Hexasulpho brighteners 162, 162, 163, 164 Hydroxyalkyl starch 79, 80 Ink setting 66-7 Ink-jet printing 147, 148-9, 149, 193, 194, 194 coated papers 202-3, 203 inks 195-6 paper requirements 198-200 paper treatment 201,202,205,206 Inorganic dispersants 123 Ionic starches 80-1, 82 LAS, see Liquid application system Laser printing 192-3 paper requirements 19{H1, 200 paper treatment 200, 201, 202, 205, 206 toners 149, 194, 195 Latices, see Synthetic latices Lightfastness 169 Liquid application system (LAS) 4, 22 starches 88, 88, 89, 105 Metered size press: starches 82, 85-6, 87, 96-9 Microdispersions 144--5 Minimum film formation temperature (MFFf) 58, 217
INDEX 261 Newtonian flow 111, 111, 113 Non-impact printing 149, 192-4 papers 146, 196-200 Cobb values 147, 199 film press 205-6 polymeric surface sizing agents 201-2 surface treatment 146-9, 200-1 see also Ink-jet printing; Laser printing OBAs see Fluorescent brightening agents Offset printing 149-50 One-sided size press 106,107, 108 Opacity 133-5 Optical brightening agents, see Fluorescent brightening agents 'Orange peel' appearance 180 Organic dispersants 123 Oxidized starches 77,79, 105 Pigment dispersion 120 chemicals used 122, 123 efficiency 123-6, 124, 125, 126-7 electrostatic repulsion 122 interactions 126, 127-8 process 120--2 see also Pigments Pigments 5, 130--1 application of 132 choice of 133 coating slip dyeing 186, 187 de-inked pulp 135 effectiveness 132, 134-5 porosity 135-6, 136 pre-coats 133 properties of 131 purpose of 133-4 size press dyeing 177, 178 see also Pigment dispersion Pigmentizing 130-6 Pinholes 223 Plain fine paper composition 146-7 requirements 146 sizing specifications 147 toner adhesion 149, 199 Plastic flow 113 Plastic pigments 61-2 Porosity see Air permeance Precalendering 39 Printing papers surface application methods 203, 204 see also Ink-jet printing; Laser printing Pseudoplastic flow 112, 112, 113-14 Quenching agents 170 Radical emulsion polymerization 49-52 Recycling 229-33, 237, 238, 239, 247, 256 additives attached to the fibre 241-2 barrier dispersion coatings 226-7 barriers to 235, 236 cationic additives 170,244-5 chemicals behaviour of 240 effect of 255 coated board 256 coated papers 254, 255, 256 colloids 242-6 corrugated packaging materials 256 costs 239,246-7,247 designing for 234-5 fibres, influence of 236, 237, 238, 239 fluorescent brightening agents 170--1 processing plants 248 removing impurities 247, 248 separate particles 240--1 soluble additives 246 starch 246 stickies 243-6 surface sizing 150--1 synthetic latices 243 white pitch 243 see also De-inking Residual fluorescence 170--1 Rheology 109,110,111 barrier dispersion coatings 217,218,219 coating methods 116 definition of 110 dilatant flow 112, 112, 113, 114 flow types 111-14 measuring devices 110 modifiers natural products 116, 117 synthetic polymers 117-20 water retention 115 see also Starches Newtonian flow 111, 111, 113 plastic flow 113 pseudoplastic flow 112, 112, 113-14 shear rate 111 shear stress 111, 114, 114 thixotropic flow 113, 113, 114 Shade build curves 158, 162 Shear rate 111 see also Rheology Shear stress 111 variation of 114, 114 see also Rheology 'Shear thickening' 112, 112, 113, 114 'Shear thinning' 112, 112, 113-14 Size press dyeing 176 benefits 181-3 bleaching agents 180 bleedfastness 183, 185 bronzing 179-80 colour matching 184-5 considerations 178, 179
262 INDEX Size press dyeing cont'd deep dyeings 181 drawbacks 183-4 dyes selection of 177, 178, 180 foaming 180 'orange peel' appearance 180 pigments 177, 178 process 176-7 promoters 181 split addition method 179, 184 two-sidedness 179, 183 use of 185, 189, 189 Size presses 2, 204--5 'apron size press' 84, 85 foam coat size press 84 gate-roll size press 23-4 one-sided size press 106, 107, 108 two-roll size press 23 Smooth-rod metering 28--30, 41 Solution polymers 143 Speciality papers blade coating 18, 19 surface sizing 150 Spraying 187 Starches 139-40 chemical modification 76 cross-linking 81 degradation 76-9 substitution 79-82 chemical properties 70,71,73, 74 coating colours 102, 104--5 effects of 89 fluorescent brightening agents 167,168 paper machine, influence of 96 penetration 94--5, 96, 98, 99 physical modification 76 physical properties 72, 74, 74 retrogradation 74, 75 solids, influence of 93,99, 100, 101, 102 sources 69, 70, 72 surface application methods blade application 99-102, 101, 103 gate-roll coater 82, 84, 85 liquid application system 88, 88, 89, 105 metered size press 82,85-6,87,96-9 one-sided size press 106, 107, 108 size press 82, 82, 83-4 TWIN-HSM coater 86, 88 use of 69, 139-40 viscosity, influence of 90-3,98,99, 100, 101, 102 waste-based packaging paper 105-6 Starch esters 81, 81, 82, 105 Starch ethers 79, 80, 81, 82, 105 Stickies 243-6, 252 Surface sizing 50, 138--9, 142-3, 154 base paper 154 chemicals 140-1 co-agents 140 contamination 152-3 distribution 153 effect on print quality 147 end-use properties 145-6 film press 31-3 fixation 153 foam 152 interactions 151, 152, 153 methods 151-2 plain fine paper, see Plain fine paper post-treatment 153-4 recycled materia 150-1 speciality papers 150 starch 139-40 synthetic polymers 141-2, 143-4, 150 toner adhesion 149, 198 wet-end sizes 140-1 SymSizer film press applications 44 evaluation of 45-6 pigmenting methods 45 process designs 42-4 sizing methods 44--5 Synthetic latices 48, 49, 67-8 binding power 62-3 elasticity 62, 63, 64, 65 film formation 58,59, 60-1 prevention of 61 glass transition temperature 61, 63 plastic pigments 61-2 porosity 66-7 radical emulsion polymerization 49-52 stability control 52-4 electrostatic protection 54, 55, 55 steric protection 54, 55 surface energy 65, 66 use of 59 viscosity 55-8 see also Barrier dispersion coatings Tetrasulpho brighteners 161, 161, 162, 162, 163, 163, 164 Thermally modified starches 77, 79, 105 Thixotropic flow 113, 113, 114 Toners 149, 194, 195 adhesion 149, 198 TWIN-HSM coater 86, 88 Two-roll size press 23 Two-sidedness 179, 183 Twostream coater 22 Viscosity 109 colloid stability 52-8, 120-5 definition of 110 starches 90-3,98,99, 100, 101, 102 synthetic latices 55-8
INDEX 263 see also Barrier dispersion coatings; Rheology; Starches; Synthetic latices Waste management 233-4, 235 see also Recycling Waste paper 230--1 see also Deinked pulps Water retention 115 barrier dispersion coatings 213, 221-2 hydroxy alkyl starch 79 Water vapour resistance: barrier dispersion coatings 220--1 White pitch 53,243