Thank you for inviting me (back) to Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt On Location at Stanford University by Per Enge (with the help of many) July 27, 2009 My thanks to the Federal Aviation Administration
Outline Landing & Approach of Civil Aircraft Gravimetry Using Cold Atoms Hardware Assurance from GPS 2
Outline Landing & Approach of Civil Aircraft Gravimetry Using Cold Atoms Hardware Assurance from GPS 3
Safety: Faults & Rare Normal Events October 1993 modulation fault Clock runoffs 7/28/01, 5/26/03 6/11/03 & more 40 notable iono events during the last solar peak RFI events: San Diego St Louis Santa Cruz April 10, 2007 ephemeris fault & 24 smaller faults over the last 5 years 4
SVN 25 Ground Track on Jun 26, 2009 Clock error region UTC time 0900-1000 5
SPS Scatter Plot at BRW (Northern Alaska) with PRN 25 in View on June 26, 2009 UTC: 08:00:00 08:59:59 UTC: 09:00:00 09:59:59 15 15 10 10 North Error (m) 5 0-5 North Error (m) 5 0-5 -10-10 -15-15 -10-5 0 5 10 15 East Error (m) -15-15 -10-5 0 5 10 15 East Error (m) 6
SPS Scatter Plot at BRW (Northern Alaska) with PRN 25 in View on June 26, 2009 UTC: 08:00:00 08:59:59 UTC: 09:00:00 09:59:59 PRN 16 Excluded 15 15 10 10 North Error (m) 5 0-5 North Error (m) 5 0-5 -10-10 -15-15 -10-5 0 5 10 15 East Error (m) -15-15 -10-5 0 5 10 15 East Error (m) 7
Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) GNSS VHF data broadcast of airport corrections data for error bounding Reference receivers 8
Space Based Augmentation System Geostationary broadcast of 1.) Continental corrections 2.) Data for error bounds 3.) Ranging signal 9
Aviation Benefit from L5 & Galileo Worldwide approach capability with no airport equipment. Worldwide landing capability in all weather. Free of ionospheric influence. Hedge against constellation weakness Robust against RFI (of any kind) Reduce the cost of our ground systems 10
L5: April 10, 2009 at 04:58 Pacific Time from Table Mountain, Colorado 11
PRN 1 Bias on L1 (from Gao, et al., 2009) 12
Truncation of the GBAS Error Tail dual freq. GBAS (Cat I/II/III) 0.14 0.12 0.1 air & ground screening (Cat I/II/III) ground screening (Cat I) 0.08 PDF 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 User Vertical Position Error (meters) 13
Expansion of SBAS Coverage 14
2010 Evolution of GNSS-Based Safety 2020 2030 L1 Only RAIM SBAS GBAS Dual freq. SBAS & GBAS Ground provides TTA SV to ground 24 SVs suffices Dual freq. ARAIM Air provides TTA SV to SV GPS: 30+ Slots Multi-constellation Open service Civil security (DoS & spoofing) GNSS Integrity Within GNSS supports TTA GPS IIIC (1 st 14) ++, or GNSS Safety of Life 24 SVs (GPS alone) 15
Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring GPS Compass VPL VPL VPL VPL Galileo GLONASS 16
ARAIM Challenges (LPV versus LNAV) Vertical guidance versus lateral only LPV versus LNAV 556 m HAL to 35 m VAL Major to hazardous criticality Consequently Redefinition of major fault URA scrutiny Prior probability based on URA failure Correlated errors (within & between constellations) Transparent discussion of constellation failures Data link 17
IIA-26, PRN 10, SVN 40, Launched 7/16/96, Cs from J. Lee. T. Walter & G. Gao, June 2009 IURE/URA Test for PRN 10 20 IURE > URA IURE > 1.96*URA 7.7 hours 1.2 hours Hours 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Day 18
Correlated Errors from Earth Orientation Parameters Rotational Pole Polar Motion UT1 Celestial Frame Terrestrial Frame from Dr. William Wooden, USNO 19
Data Link for Advanced RAIM Does Not Require Constant Connectivity GBAS or future DME broadcast of 1) URA multiplier 2) satellite sweep out 3) intermittent connection 20
Maritime Navigation Integrity in the Arctic from Arve Dimmen 21
Outline Landing & Approach of Civil Aircraft Gravimetry Using Cold Atoms Hardware Assurance from GPS 22
Stanford Atom-based Inertial Sensors 5 m/hour Versus 500 m/hour from Prof. Mark Kasevich Cesium atoms are proof masses. Pulses of laser light measure relative motion between atoms and case. 23
Mobile Gravity Gradient Survey 24
Gravity Gradient Survey of End Station III 1 eotvos is 10-9 galileo/cm 1 galileo is 10-3 G 25
Airborne Gravimetry (from M. Dransfield, FUGRO) Ore deposits 1 milli-galileo (mgal) is 10-6 G 26
Airborne Gravimetry Need to measure gravity field at 10-6 level Cold atom gravimeter can measure acc plus gravity X band or laser to decouple platform motion Overfly region of interest Water table monitoring Homeland security Resource discovery oil & minerals 27
Outline Landing & Approach of Civil Aircraft Gravimetry Using Cold Atoms Hardware Assurance from GPS 28
Hardware Assurance Is the chip authentic? (anti-counterfeit) Is the chip functioning properly? (antitamper) Until now, most of the attention has been focused on static views. We need to respond to dynamic threats (e.g. Trojan horses, kill switches) 29
Existing Dafca Technology Tap the lines pre-silicon Software only Platform/technology agnostic Automated Observe behavior post-silicon Configure, operate, and control Don t slow down! No extra pins No special libraries React Detection Isolation Remediation 30
Pre-Silicon: Design & mask creation Insert GPS Signature During Manufacture Silicon: Wafer fabrication Post Silicon: Assembly, test, embed & run time Validate design Build secure socket & channel for GPS signature Generate key pair Insert GPS signature Validate fabrication Authenticate chip Mitigate flaws 31
Authorization Registration Secure Programming Enables Authentication Anywhere Along the Supply Chain @ Device Manufacturer @ System Manufacturer @ Retailer 32
Summary Landing airplanes worldwide lightweight ground infrastructure iono-free robust against RFI Cold atom gravimetry Hardware assurance 33