INT J CURR SCI 2016, 19(2): E 26-31 RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 2250-1770 Mitigation of harmonics by placing series apf for 12 pulse converter network Anupama S, S Mahaboob Basha and P Sravani* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AITS, Rajampet-536 126, AP, India *Corresponding author: sravanieee717@gmail.com Abstract This paper compensates the DC voltage harmonics of medium voltage 12 Pulse Converter and it is achieved using series active power filter (APF). Voltage harmonics is dependent on firing angle delays of the converter. Series APF is connected in between converter output and the load via a Magnetic amplifier and this eliminates the DC current from the APF inverter, and inverter losses get reduced. Series APF is used to inject the compensating voltage and thus cancels the output voltage harmonics in converter. In 12 pulse converter front end phase shifting transformer with six pulse converters connected in series for high voltage applications and in parallel for high current applications. Series APF improves the ripple factor and thus minimizing necessary smoothing inductance. A model of 12 pulse AC/DC converter using series active power filter with magnetic amplifier is developed and simulated in Matlab/SIMULINK environment. The proposed control strategies for 12 pulse converter using FUZZY system are validated through extensive simulation studies. Keywords: Active Power Filters (APFS); DC-side compensation; magnetic amplifiers; medium-voltage (MV) rectifiers; series APF Received: 24 th October 2015; Revised: 06 th December; Accepted: 12 th February 2016; IJCS New Liberty Group 2016 Introduction Controlled AC/DC converters provide high reliability, low complexity, and low power loss and minimize the number of series-connected switches for high-voltage or medium-voltage (MV) applications (Akagi and Bose, 1986). One drawback of these converters is the generation of voltage harmonics which affects the power quality on the dc side (Wu and Aqueveque, 2006). Conventional passive filters are used to suppress harmonic distortion. However, passive filters have limitations (Akagi, 1996). The APF overcomes classical passive filters drawbacks; moreover, it can be durable and reliable (Massoud, 2004). When a series APF is used to compensate the output voltage harmonics (Watanabe and Pilotto, 1990) the APF inverter switches have to conduct the full-load current including the principal dc component, the series APF is connected into the converter dc side via a magnetic amplifier coupled circuit which also isolates the series APF from the power circuit. The objective of this paper is to compensate the 12-pulse controlled converter output harmonics using a series APF connected via a magnetic amplifier. This converter follows a specific power locus (Hamad et al., 2008; Hamad et al., 2012). The insertion of the series APF improves the RF, consequently minimizing the necessary smoothing inductance. Power locus The output voltage of the series 12-pulse converter Vo is the sum of the output voltages of the two series-
connected six-pulse converters where, By substituting (6) into (5), the total output voltage can be vo= (cosα1+cosα2)...1 expressed in terms of and by, P=Pmax(cosα1+cosα2)...2 Q=Pmax(sinα1+sinα2)...3 Where, Pmax =...4 vo= (cosα1+cosα2+ sin(6 ) The active and reactive powers can be represented in terms of per-unit + sin(6 ) values as, P= (cosα1+cosα2)...5 + sin(12 Q= (sinα1+sinα2)...6 Constant-active-power operation can be achieved via different combinations of the firing angles α1and α2, with the converter absorbing differtent amounts of reactive power, which affects the power factor (Hamad et al., 2008; Hamad et al., 2012). This means that P and Q can produce a power locus which affects the converter performance. Series-connected 12-pulse converter-harmonic analysis The output voltage of a series connected 12-pulse converter is the sum of the output voltages generated by each six pulse converter. Vo= Vo1 +Vo2...5 where Vo1is the output voltage of the upper six-pulse converter and Vo2 is the output voltage of the lower converter. V01= (cosα1+ sin(6n (1))) V02= (cosα2+ sin(6(n (2)))...6 Where, (1) = -n + (2) = -n +...7 + sin(12 +...)...8 In the case of α1 = α2 (symmetrical firing), the 6th, 18 th,.., harmonic voltages generated by each six-pulse converter are 180 out of phase and therefore are cancelled. The dc side harmonics of the 12-pulse converter are generated at 12p times the fundamental frequency, where p = 1, 2, 3. This means that the ripple and hence, the RF of the combined output voltage is reduced. When the 12- pulse converter follows the operating power locus introduced in (Hamad et al., 2008; Hamad et al., 2012) as shown in figure 1, the 12-pulse converter is asymmetrically controlled, and the dc-side harmonics are generated at 6p times the fundamental line frequency. Effect of harmonic current injection on flux distribution The APF is inserted in series into the converter dc side and acts as a voltage source that injects voltages equal but opposite in polarity to the harmonic vectors generated by the converter. The objective is to make the dc-side output voltage harmonic free (Watanabe et al., 1998). The basic control algorithm
concept is shown in figure 1. The APF inverter produces a modulated output voltage with contents proportional to the reference voltage. A passive filter (Lf and Cf) is connected to the output of the series APF inverter as shown in figure 1, to eliminate the switching harmonics due to the pulse width modulation (PWM). The filter output is connected into the converter DC side between its output and the load and injects the compensation voltage that cancels the Converter DC Side In configuration 1, the series APF (an H-bridge inverter) is inserted directly into the dc side, as illustrated in Fig. 3. The load current Idc is blocked by the filter capacitor and thus flows through the APF inverter switches and the passive filter inductor. This inverter dc current is the major disadvantage of this configuration, particularly in highpower applications, as the APF requires high-current inverter switches which introduce high power losses. Configuration 2: Series APF Inserted Into the Converter DC Side via a Magnetic Amplifier Configuration 2 is proposed to solve this saturation problem, where the series APF is coupled into the converter dc side using the magnetic amplifier circuit shown in figure 2. The magnetic amplifier has a tightly coupled three-winding single-phase transformer with turns harmonic voltage V0 produced by the converter. The Nm1: Nm2: Nm3. The converter-side winding of turns voltage across the load terminal VL becomes purely a dc voltage Vo. Fig. 1. Basic control technique used with the series APF is inserted into the converter dc side, which is designed according to =...9 Where, is the instantaneous voltage and is the magnetic flux linking each turn of the coil. The APF side winding of turns is connected to the APF Fig. 2. Configuration 2: Coupling of the series APF via a magnetic amplifier Series APF connection Series compensation is classified according to how the series APF is coupled into the converter dc side. The series APF can be connected into the converter dc side either directly or transformer coupled via a magnetic amplifier. Configuration 1: Series APF Directly Inserted Into the Each injected series voltage harmonic contributes...10 Where, is the n th rms voltage of the winding, is the injected harmonic frequency, A is the core cross-sectional area, and B is the flux density. The dc control winding of turns is connected to an auxiliary controlled dc
current source. =...11 The series APF is now isolated from the power system, and no dc current is induced across the transformer APF-side winding from the other two windings. An auxiliary dc source is necessary in the APF inverter dc side. According harmonics. The steady-state performance of the dc-sidecompensated converter is investigated with the system block diagram shown in figure 3. Fig. 3. Twelve-pulse converter follows the proposed power locus with the series APF inserted into the dc side via a magnetic amplifier to the given voltage reference, the APF produces the required harmonic voltage, which is transferred to the transformer converter-side winding, and cancels the converter voltage harmonics. The number of turns is low in the low-voltage (LV) prototype; however, a high number of turns can be used in an MV system to lower the control winding current. A bidirectional dc chopper is needed for fast dc current reduction and bidirectional power flow in systems that reverse the current direction as opposed to reversing the voltage. According to the closed control loop, variation of the chopper reference current level changes the reference voltage level Consequently, the duty cycle changes so as to guarantee that the control winding current Ich tracks the reference current. The switching frequency fch is 10 khz, and a smoothing inductance Lch of 10 mh is used to ensure continuous Ich with low ripple current M. H. Rashid. Also, this inductance presents high impedance to current changes in the other two windings. The current source response, determined by the dc source and inductance and time constant Lch/Rch, should be better than the dc current response required of the main ac/dc converter. Output voltage compensation of a 12-pulse converter using a series APF with a magnetic amplifier The series APF with a magnetic amplifier is used to DC-side compensation of the 12-pulse converter using the series APF with a magnetic amplifier is initially investigated using MATLAB. The system has a static inductive load of 100 mh and a variable resistance. The reference load current is100 A. The turn ratio of the series APF transformer Nm1: Nm2: Nm3 is 2: 1: 2. The chopper is controlled to achieve a control winding current Ich of 100 A. For a supply voltage of 3.3 kv, the dc-bus voltage of the series APF inverter is 1000 V (half the maximum peak of the converter harmonic voltage). The magnetic amplifier reduces the series APF inverter current by eliminating the dc component. This allows an increased switching frequency limit for the same inverter dc-side voltage and consequently improves the filtering efficiency. Results and Discussion The general simulation model for 12 pulse converter network using series APF is shown in figure 4. The load resistance is adjusted to 22.3Ω while the reference load compensate the 12-pulse converter output voltage current is set at 100A. From the load current loop, the
Fig. 4. Simulink model of 12 pulse converter network Fig. 5. Simulink model of proposed 12 pulse converter network generated firing angles (α1 and α2), according to the proposed power locus, are 90 and 0, respectively. After the compensation, the load voltage RF improves from 41.5 to 3.6%. The individual harmonic factors for the four simulink results of (a) Converter Output VoltageV0, (b) compensation voltage VCS,(c)compensated load voltage VL for Proposed System dominant harmonic components are improved, as illustrated in Table 1. Table 1. Output voltage and load voltage harmonic profile Conclusion The output voltage harmonics of thyristor converters simulink results of (a) Converter Output Voltage Vo, (b) compensation voltage vcs, (c) compensated load voltage VL For Existing System depends on the firing angle delays. The application of series APF to inject compensation voltage cancels the voltage harmonics in converter DC side, indirectly reducing the load current harmonics and thus improves the load RF. The series APF can be connected either directly or through a transformer. When series APF is connected directly full load current flows in APF switches and thus requires switches of high current rating. The series APF can be inserted with a three winding magnetic amplifier transformer which does not saturates and minimizes the Extension work The extension for the proposed system is PI controller is replaced by fuzzy controller. The simulation APF inverter current and power losses. References Akagi H (2012). New trends in active filters for power model for proposed system is shown in figure 5. conditioning. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 32: 1312-1322.
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