Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content Nonfiction Alike and Different Captions Glossary Matter Scott Foresman Science 1.8 ì<(sk$m)=bdhfgf< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U ISBN 0-328-13756-1
Vocabulary dissolve evaporate gas liquid mass matter solid Extended Vocabulary force hammer metal noodles squash squeeze stretch by Donna Foley Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). 5 (BR) Ezio Geneletti/Getty Images; 10 James Marshall/Corbis; 13 Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 15 Martyn F. Chillmaid/Photo Researchers, Inc. Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 3 (BL) Stephen Oliver/DK Images. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN: 0-328-13756-1 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
What You Already Know Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Solids have their own shapes. They do not change shape when they move. Liquids can change shape. They take the shapes of their containers. Gases can change shape and size. Air is a gas. Matter can change in many ways. Different kinds of matter can mix. Some solids can dissolve in liquids. This means that the solid can spread throughout the liquid. Some liquids can evaporate. Evaporate means to change from a liquid to a gas. Matter can change from one kind to another. Sometimes the change is forever. Sometimes matter can change back and forth. Water is a liquid. It can change. Water freezes when it gets very cold. It is then ice. Heat melts ice. Ice changes to water when it gets warm. Water boils when it gets hot. It changes to a gas. This gas is water vapor. You cannot see water vapor. In this book you will learn about ways that other kinds of matter change shape. Sugar dissolves in hot drinks. 2 3
Matter and Shape Different kinds of matter can take different shapes. Solids keep their own shapes. Each block has a size and shape that does not change. Link them together. They can make a new shape. But each block stays the same shape. Liquids are different from solids. They take the shapes of their containers. First the water takes the shape of the jug. Pour it into a glass. Now it takes the shape of the glass. Gases are different from liquids and solids. They take the shapes of their containers, like liquids. But they can change size too. A block is a solid. Air in the ball is a gas. Water is a liquid. 4 5
Change It Force can change the shape of matter. Force is a push or pull that moves or changes matter. The hammer hits the candy with force. The candy breaks into little pieces. The force of the hammer changes the shape of the candy. Do you think the hammer has to hit it with a lot of force? Balloons can stretch. Your hands pull the balloon. This makes a force. The balloon changes shape. When you let go, it goes back to the shape it was. Clay can change shape too. You can bend, pull, and push it to make new shapes. If you stretch a balloon, the shape will change. If you let it go, the shape will change back. 6 7
Twist and Bend It A sponge is matter. It is a solid. It is soft. You can squeeze it. You can twist and bend it. You can change its shape. It is twisted up inside the cup. When you take it out, it goes back to the shape it was. The shape of the sponge changes. Balloons are solids filled with air! Air is a gas. Balloons change shape when you twist or bend them. The air inside the balloon moves around. Then the balloon takes a new shape. It can take the shape of a hat. It can take the shape of an animal too! 8 9
Stretch It The chef is making noodles. Noodles can stretch before they are cooked. They change their shape when you pull them. Look how long and thin they can get. Some people wear suspenders. Suspenders help keep pants up. Suspenders can stretch. They change shape when you pull them. But they will change back when you let go of them. The noodle dough can stretch a lot! 10 11
Roll and Squash It You can shape clay again and again. It is soft and will not break. You can use the force of your hands to change it. Blacksmiths need to heat metal so they can shape it. Metal is a very hard solid. But it can change shape too. Some adults have jobs where they need to change the shape of metal to make new things. They use fire to make the metal very hot. Then they use a hammer and other tools to bang and shape it. It takes a lot of force to change the shape of metal. 12 13
Melt and Cool It Candles are made of wax. Wax can change shape too. The flame makes heat. The heat melts the wax. It changes from a solid to a liquid. The wax cools after it drips down the candle. Then it changes into a solid again! Matter can change shape in many ways. Different kinds of force make this happen. What other ways can you think of to use force to change the shape of matter? 14 15
Glossary force hammer metal noodles squash squeeze a push or a pull that moves or changes something a tool you use to hit something a hard material that is usually shiny a food made of flour and water, and sometimes milk or eggs to press until something is flat to push or press hard against something What did you learn? 1. How does matter change shape? 2. What are three ways your hands can change the shape of matter? 3. Heat can change matter. Write to describe some ways heat can change matter. Use words from the book as you write. 4. Alike and Different How are the shape changes of noodles and suspenders alike? How are they different? stretch to make something longer 16