AS 2177, Part 2 1982 Australian Standard RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDED BUTT JOINTS IN METAL Part 2 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI) AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR USE
This standard, prepared by Committee MT/7, Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials, was approved on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on 14 January 1982, and was published on 19 April 1982. The following scientific, industrial and governmental organizations and departments were officially represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this standard: Australian Atomic Energy Commission Australian Gas Association Australian Institute for Non-destructive Testing Australian Pipeline Industry Association Australian Welding Institute Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation Confederation of Australian Industry Department of Defence Department of Industrial Relations, N.S.W. Department of Labour and Industry, Victoria Department of Productivity Electricity Supply Association of Australia Institute of Australian Foundrymen Metal Trades Industries Association of Australia National Association of Testing Authorities Pipeline Authority Railways of Australia Committee Society of Automotive Engineers Australasia Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine The Australian Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
AS 2177, Part 2 1982 Australian Standard RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDED BUTT JOINTS IN METAL Part 2 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI) AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR USE Firstpublished (asasb262)... 1968 AS2177,Part2firstpublished... 1979 Second edition... 1982 PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 0 7262 2487 1
AS 2177, Part 2 1982 2 PREFACE This edition of this standard was prepared by the Association s Committee on Nondestructive Testing of Metals and Materials at the request of the Metals Standards Board to supersede the 1979 edition, which constituted the revision, metrication and replacement of AS B262 1968. Because of the widespread use in Australia of image quality indicator (IQI) systems specified by various standards bodies*, the committee, during the revision, resolved to retain those systems in this standard. Imperial units of measurement for plaque/hole type IQI based on the ASME series have also been retained because of the impracticability of changing to the International (SI) System of units. The committee proposes to amend the published standard when the American system is changed and new plaque IQI are available for commercial use in Australia. During preparation of this edition, consideration was given to matters raised at seminars held to discuss the standard. Changes incorporated in this standard are intended to remove any ambiquity which might have existed in the 1979 edition. Known errors have also been eliminated. Relevant tables and appendices have been updated to align with the new edition of Part I of the standard. Graphical presentations of readily achievable IQI sensitivity percent have also been included. Data used in the compilation of the relationships between different types of IQI were taken from a paper by E.L. Criscuolo, Radiographic Image Quality Standards, and from ASME, SE 142. This standard may require reference to the following documents: AS 1929 Non-destructive Testing Glossary of Terms AS 2177 Radiography of Welded Butt Joints in Metal Part 1 Methods of Test SAA MP19 Report on Preferred Numbers and Their Use DIN 54109 Non-destructive Testing Image Quality of X-ray and Gamma-ray Radiographs of Metallic Materials, Definitions, Wire Penetrameter BS 3971 Image Quality Indicators for Radiography and Recommendations for Their Use AFNOR A04-304 Radiographic Examination of Steel of Thickness up to and including 180 mm ASME, SE 142 Standard Methods for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing ISO 1027 Radiographic Image Quality Indicators Principles and Identification ISO 2504 Radiography of Welds and Viewing Conditions for Films Utilization and Recommended Patterns of Image Quality Indicators (IQI) * International Organization for Standardization (ISO) British Standards Institution (BSI) Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) Presented at the Inter-American Conference on Materials Technology, 20-24 May 1968, San Antonio, Texas, and published by ASME in Materials Technology An Inter-American Approach, pp 496-499 Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively inhouse by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia. Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs. Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.
3 AS 2177, Part 2 1982 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD... 4 SECTION 1. SCOPE, DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 Scope..... 11 1.2 Definitions..... 11 1.3 Required Characteristics of IQI..... 11 SECTION 2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USE OF IQI 2.1 Selection of IQI..... 14 2.2 Location of IQI..... 14 2.3 Viewing of Radiographs..... 14 2.4 Assessment of IQI Percent Sensitivity..... 14 2.5 Equivalent Sensitivity..... 15 APPENDICES A Materials of Construction of Image Quality Indicators..... 20 B Typical Examples of Film Types..... 21
AS 2177, Part 2 1982 4 STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Australian Standard for RADIOGRAPHY OF WELDED BUTT JOINTS IN METAL PART 2 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI) AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR USE FOREWORD The elements, wires or holes, of image quality indicators (IQI) are used to indicate the sensitivity of the radiographic process in revealing the presence of any discontinuities. The image quality is characterized by the smallest element of a series of wires, or by the smallest of a series of holes in plates of different thicknesses, the images of which can be discerned visually when a film is placed on an illuminated screen of the required brightness (see AS 2177, Part 1). NOTE: Throughout this standard, IQI is used to denote singular and plural of image quality indicator. It should be pointed out that the following parameters apply to the uses of IQI: (a) (b) (c) (d) Defect detection sensitivity is related only in a general fashion to IQI sensitivity. For any given radiographic test method, the numerical value of the IQI sensitivity depends on the type of the IQI used. For any given radiographic test method and IQI, the percentage sensitivity will not be the same for different metal thicknesses. For any given metal and thickness, it is possible to change defect sensitivity without significant change in IQI sensitivity by changing the radiographic method. (e) The assessment of the visibility of details of an IQI is subjective and it depends upon the following factors: (i) Visual acuity. (ii) Viewing conditions. (iii) Experience and ability in assessing IQI images. (iv) Radiographic contrast. For these reasons, although the specified IQI sensitivity value may be attained, the practices outlined in AS 2177, Part 1 require that all factors affecting contrast and definition be considered, i.e. A. Tube voltage or type of radioisotope. B. Source-to-film and object-to-film distances. C. Film type and screen material and thickness. D. Film density and processing. In order to assist committees responsible for the drafting of standards in which radiographic methods are specified and users of this standard, recommendations given in AS 2177, Part 1 are repeated in Tables 1 and 2 which show readily achievable values of sensitivity which may be obtained with different radiographic methods for steel. Figs 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B show a best-fit graphical presentation of information contained in Table 2. COPYRIGHT
5 AS 2177, Part 2 1982 TABLE 1 TEST METHOD DESIGNATION NUMBER Radiographic method designation number 1 2 3 4 5 Radiation source Exposure method SAA film type designation (see Appendix C) Typical application XR1/S X-rays Single plate or wall 1 (very fine grain) When a very high level of sensitivity is required XR1/DWS X-rays Double-wall, singleimage XR1/DWD X-rays Double-wall, double-image 1 (very fine grain) As for XR1/S where internal access is not practicable 1 (very fine grain) As for XR1/DWS where the pipe diameter is 90 mm or below XR2/S X-rays Single plate or wall 2 (fine grain) High sensitivity, general use XR2/DWS X-rays Double-wall, singleimage XR2/DWD X-rays Double-wall, double-image 2 (fine grain) As for XR2/S where internal access is not practicable 2 (fine grain) As for XR2/DWS where the pipe diameter is 90 mm or below XR3/S X-rays Single plate or wall 3 (medium grain) High speed method when the detection of fine discontinuities is not required XR3/DWS X-rays Double-wall, singleimage XR3/DWD X-rays Double-wall, double-image 3 (medium grain) As for XR3/S where internal access is not practicable 3 (medium grain) As for XR3/DWS where pipe diameter is 90 mm or below GR1/S Gamma-rays Single plate or wall 1 (very fine grain) Where the sensitivity achievable by X-ray equipment is not required GR1/DWS Gamma-rays Double-wall, singleimage GR1/DWD Gamma-rays Double-wall, double-image 1 (very fine grain) As for GR1/S where internal access is not practicable 1 (very fine grain) As for GR1/DWS where pipe diameter is 90 mm or below GR2/S Gamma-rays Single plate or wall 2 (fine grain) General use where the sensitivity achievable by GR1 is not required GR2/DWS Gamma-rays Double-wall, singleimage GR2/DWD Gamma-rays Double-wall, double-image 2 (fine grain) As for GR2/S where internal access is not practicable 2 (fine grain) As for GR2/DWS where pipe diameter is 90 mm or below GR 3/S Gamma-rays Single plate or wall 3 (medium grain) High speed method when the detection of fine discontinuities is not required GR3/DWS Gamma-rays Double-wall, singleimage GR3/DWD Gamma-rays Double-wall, double-image 3 (medium grain) As for GR2/S where internal access is not possible 3 (medium grain) As for GR3/DWS where pipe diameter is 90 mm or below COPYRIGHT
AS 2177, Part 2 1982 6 TABLE 2* READILY ACHIEVABLE WIRE IQI SENSITIVITIES FOR STEEL EXPRESSED AS SMALLEST WIRE VISIBLE ON RADIOGRAPH WITH CORRESPONDING SENSITIVITY VALUE Radiographic test method XR1 Weld metal thickness, mm 6 9 12 18 24 30 40 50 70 90 120 150 200 250 300 XR2 XR3 GR1 GR2 GR3 * The values of sensitivity quoted are not necessarily the optimum value which can be achieved, but they are included for information and comparative purposes and should not be taken as mandatory requirements for any particular method. Sensitivity values quoted for gamma ray methods are for Iridium 192 (Ir 192 ) in accordance with the thickness range given in Table 3 of AS 2177, Part 1, and for Co 60 for thicker sections up to 200 mm. Sensitivities quoted for GR methods for less than 10 mm and over 200 mm are included for information only. Attention is drawn to the improved sensitivity which can be obtained with Ytterbium 169(Yb 169 ) in the range 6 mm to 20 mm. Sensitivity values are rounded to nearest 0.1 percent. The typical values of sensitivity quoted for each of the test methods in Table 2 are not to be taken as mandatory unless specified or agreed between contracting parties. COPYRIGHT
7 AS 2177, Part 2 1982 Fig. 1A. READILY ACHIEVABLE WIRE IQI SENSITIVITY PERCENT FOR THICKNESS RANGE FOR STEEL UP TO 125 mm XR METHODS COPYRIGHT
AS 2177, Part 2 1982 8 Fig. 1B. READILY ACHIEVABLE WIRE IQI SENSITIVITY PERCENT FOR THICKNESS RANGE FOR STEEL UP TO 85 mm XR METHODS COPYRIGHT
9 AS 2177, Part 2 1982 Fig. 2A. READILY ACHIEVABLE WIRE IQI SENSITIVITY PERCENT FOR THICKNESS RANGE FOR STEEL UP TO 300 mm GR METHODS COPYRIGHT
AS 2177, Part 2 1982 10 Fig. 2B. READILY ACHIEVABLE WIRE IQI SENSITIVITY PERCENT FOR THICKNESS RANGE FOR STEEL UP TO 70 mm GR METHODS COPYRIGHT
11 AS 2177, Part 2 1982 SECTION 1. SCOPE, DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 SCOPE. This standard specifies requirements for three types of image quality indicators (IQI) used in X-ray or gamma-ray radiographic examination of welded butt joints in metal products, viz (a) wire IQI (W); (b) step/hole IQI (SH); and (c) plaque/hole IQI (PH); and includes recommendations for their use. 1.2 DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this standard, the definitions given in AS 1929 and the following definition apply: Element a wire in a wire type IQI or a hole in a plaque of different thicknesses used to assess the sensitivity of the radiographic process. 1.3 REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF IQI. 1.3.1 Wire IQI (W). 1.3.1.1 General. Wire IQI shall consist of a series of wires of minimum length 25 mm mounted side by side in parallel, with a distance between the axes of the wires of not less than 5 mm, and arranged in order of increasing diameter. The diameter sizes should be determined as a consecutive series of numbers taken in general from the R10 series of preferred numbers. Exceptionally, and in particular for use with thick materials, the R20 series of preferred numbers may be used. An example of a wire IQI is given in Fig. 1.1. Permitted tolerances on the wire diameters for the R10 series of preferred numbers are given in Table 1.1. This system provides for a series of three IQI, each comprising seven wires. Each wire diameter is denoted by a corresponding wire number, as shown in Table 1.2. For information on IQI materials see Appendix A. Wire IQI are made up as shown in Table 1.3. TABLE 1.3 STANDARD MODELS (WIRE IQI) IQI DIN 1/7 DIN 6/12 DIN 10/16 1 6 10 2 7 11 Wire numbers 3 8 12 4 9 13 5 10 14 6 11 15 7 12 16 1.3.1.2 Construction. Wires shall be mounted between low radiation absorbent protective sheathing material, such as polyethylene film. NOTE: Where the IQI is composed of thin aluminium or magnesium wires, the thickness of the protective sheathing should not exceed 0.05 mm. The protective sheathing shall preferably be flexible and the material, adjacent to the wires, as thin as possible and fastened so as to ensure that the separation between wires is maintained. 1.3.1.3 Identification. Each wire IQI shall contain lead symbols giving the following information: (a) The smallest and largest wire numbers (see Table 1.2). (b) The material of which the IQI is made. (c) The specification with which the IQI complies. Typical IQI and identification markings are shown in Fig. 1.2. The size of the symbols shall be such that they are readily discernible on radiographs. Fig. 1.1. EXAMPLE OF WIRE TYPE IQI TABLE 1.1 PERMITTED TOLERANCES ON WIRE DIAMETERS* Wire diameter, φ mm 0 < φ 0.125 0.125 < φ 0.5 0.5 < φ 1.6 1.6 < φ 4 Tolerance mm ± 0.005 ± 0.01 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 * Tolerances are correct for steel. For other metals or alloys it is recommended that production conditions be such that the tolerances are as near as possible to those fixed for steel. TABLE 1.2 WIRE DIAMETERS AND NUMBERS Fig. 1.2. WIRE TYPE IQI Diameter, mm 3.20 2.50 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.00 0.80 0.63 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.125 0.100 Wire number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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