The Cuban Revolution
By the same author DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA: Mobilization, Power and the Search for a New Politics
The Cuban Revolution Past, Present and Future Perspectives Geraldine Lievesley Senior Lecturer in Politics, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK palg(a\(~ macmillan
* Geraldine Lievesley 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 978-0-333-96852-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WH 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint ofthe Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-333-96853-6 paperback ISBN 978-0-333-96853-6 DOI 10.1057/9781403943972 ISBN 978-1-4039-4397-2 (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lievesley, Geraldine. The Cuban Revolution: past, present, and future perspective/geraldine Lievesley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-333-96853-6 (paper) 1. Cuba-History-Revolution, 1959. I. Title. F1788.L5372003 972.9106' 4-dc22 2003062244 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 Transferred to digital printing in 2006
This is for David
'Con los pobres de la tierra quiero yo mi suerte echar' (Guatanamara, written by Jose Fernandez and based upon Versos Sencillos by Jose Marti) 'I have lived marvellous days' (Che's farewell letter to Fidel)
Contents List of Abbreviations Map of Cuba 1 Introduction 1 2 Encounters with 'the Monster' and Others 9 Revolutionary struggle in Cuba: the 1950s, Batista, 10 Castro and the Americans The Cuban Revolution engages with the world 14 Cuba and the United States in the 1960s 25 3 The Politics of National Identity 38 Introduction 38 Imperial encounters 39 Economic encounters 48 Cultural encounters 54 The contested nature of citizenship 58 Destierro - the experience of exile 67 4 Generations of Protest 69 Jose Marti 70 Students, communists and pistoleros 73 Che and Fidel 81 Cuba and the Latin American revolution 85 Revolutionary triumph - the building of Cuba libre 90 5 The Revolution Matures 99 Social and economic policy 99 Foreign policy 104 Havana and Washington 107 Cuba and Reaganism 111 Cuba and the US enter the 1990s 117 Rectification - invoking the spirit of the 1960s 118 6 The Cuban State and the Cuban People 129 The nature of political rule 129 Cuban civil society 139 Revolutionary culture 148 vii ix x
viii Contents 7 Conclusion Coming out of the Special Period US Cuba policy in the 1990s Coming to terms with difference Prospects for the Revolution Notes Bibliography Index 161 162 167 176 179 185 210 219
List of Abbreviations ANAP CAME CDRs CTC FAR FEU FMC ICAIC PCC SDPE UBPCs UNEAC Asociaci6n Nacional de Agricultores Pequefios (National Association of Small Farmers) Consejo de Ayuda Mutua Econ6mica (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) Comites de Defensa de la Revoluci6n (Committees for the Defence of the Revolution) Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de Cuba (Confederation of Cuban Workers) Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (Revolutionary Armed Forces) Federaci6n Estudiantil Universitaria (University Students Federation) Federaci6n de Mujeres Cubanas (Federation of Cuban Women) Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria (Cuban Institute of Art and Industry) Partido Comunista de Cuba (Cuban Communist Party) Sistema de Direcci6n y Planificaci6n de la Economia (System of Direction and Planning of the Economy) Unidades Basicas de Producci6n Cooperativa (Basic Units of Production) Uni6n de Escritores e Artistas de Cuba (Cuban Union of Writers Artists) ix
Pinar del Rio ~ACOA t. 0... ",.. <;1'.jJ'~ Isla de La Juventud CARIBBEAN SEA Santa Clara ATLANTIC OCEAN q~'li ~... ~... v CAMAGUEY f s..' ;. t' MANSANILLO.BAYAM~ 'JIGUANi {(e <~~::::i::fr:;"::;, r "'''''''. """ -;s,\tguantanam'6... ~""""",,,,,,,,,+,:> ~:~::~~t::::~~~~.f::,::,i.~~~~~~ '(':~':~ ri" :i.~~~~. ~l!;:::'::::::" ~ " x