Arts Management and Cultural Policy Research

Arts Management and Cultural Policy Research

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Arts Management and Cultural Policy Research Jonathan Paquette University of Ottawa, Canada and Eleonora Redaelli University of Oregon, USA

Jonathan Paquette and Eleonora Redaelli 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-46091-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-68993-4 ISBN 978-1-137-46092-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137460929 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Paquette, Jonathan, author. Arts management and cultural policy research / Jonathan Paquette, University of Ottawa, Canada; Eleonora Redaelli, University of Oregon, USA. pages cm Summary: Presenting concepts, knowledge and institutional settings of arts management and cultural policy research, this book builds on two assumptions that are simultaneously propositions. The first is that arts management research and cultural policy research evolve in an academic space that is very loosely connected, but nevertheless federated. The second is that we evolve in a field where there is a greater diversity of knowledge producers than it is often assumed. Practising outside academia, many arts managers, policymakers, advocates, and other professionals still connect and mediate knowledge in spaces that are interconnected, and perhaps even more integrated than we would readily admit. This book offers a map, a representation of the concepts and spaces of knowledge production in the field. It constitutes an excellent introduction to students, and scholars and practitioners will find in it a renewed representation of the field and the seeds of an intellectua! l debate on our research community Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Arts Management Research. 2. Cultural policy Research. I. Redaelli, Eleonora, 1970 author. II. Title. NX760.P37 2015 700.68 dc23 2015003455 Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

À Linda Pannitti Ai miei genitori, Alice e Sergio

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Contents List of Tables Preface Acknowledgments ix x xi Introduction 1 1 Knowledge: Disciplines and Beyond 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Discipline and expertise: academic and professional knowledge 8 1.3 Multidisciplinarity: ideas, institutions, and interests 11 1.4 Interdisciplinarity: functions of management as disciplinary bridge 12 1.5 Transdisciplinarity: understanding the field of knowledge production 14 1.6 Conclusion 16 2 Academic Beginnings: Arts Management Training and Cultural Policy Studies 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Arts management training 19 2.3 Cognate fields 24 2.4 Cultural policy studies 27 2.5 Conclusion 32 3 Functions of Management as Disciplinary Bridges 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Marketing: the arts and their audiences 34 3.3 Fundraising: the arts and the necessary support 36 3.4 Leadership: finding directions for the arts 37 3.5 Programming: the arts come alive 39 3.6 Entrepreneurship: the arts beyond functions of management 41 3.7 Conclusion 42 4 More than Management: Organizational Perspectives 44 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Organizational analysis: three main conceptions 45 vii

viii Contents 4.3 Building from within: arts organizations research programs 50 4.4 Conclusion 57 5 Cultural Policy as Conventional Public Policy 58 5.1 Introduction 58 5.2 Cultural policy as a public policy 59 5.3 Rooting cultural policy in the policy cycle 62 5.4 Comparative cultural policy 68 5.5 Program evaluation 74 5.6 Conclusion 75 6 Cultural Policy Research: Ideas, Institutions, and Interests 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Policy change and development 79 6.3 Studying the rationale of cultural policies 85 6.4 From cultural studies to critical cultural policy studies 89 6.5 Conclusion 91 7 On Paradigms: From Epistemology to Epistemic Cultures 92 7.1 Introduction 92 7.2 Epistemology: five paradigms 93 7.3 From epistemology to epistemic culture 108 7.4 Conclusion 111 8 Mapping the Field: Institutional Settings of Knowledge Production 112 8.1 Introduction 112 8.2 Academia 112 8.3 Arts organizations 115 8.4 Government 118 8.5 Private organizations 120 8.6 Conclusion: ethics of research 129 Conclusion 132 Notes 136 Bibliography 138 Index 159

List of Tables 1.1 Definitions 17 2.1 Arts management handbooks 24 2.2 History of cognate fields 27 4.1 New institutionalism: a synthesis 53 4.2 Conceptions of power in organizations 57 5.1 Cultural policies as public policies: some definitions 61 5.2 Cultural policies and the policy process: the stages 64 6.1 Concepts of cultural policy development and change 85 6.2 Democratization of culture vs. cultural democracy 87 7.1 Summary of the main assumptions of five paradigms in the field 95 8.1 Service organizations 126 ix

Preface This book presents concepts, knowledge, and institutional settings of arts management and cultural policy research, building on two assumptions that are simultaneously propositions. The first is that arts management research and cultural policy research evolve in an academic space that is very loosely connected, yet nevertheless federated. The second assumption is that we evolve in a field where there is a greater diversity of knowledge producers than those of us in the field often assume. Practicing outside academia, many arts managers, policymakers, advocates, and other professionals still connect and mediate knowledge in spaces that are interconnected, and perhaps even more integrated than we would readily admit. What we offer here is a map. We offer a representation of arts management and cultural policy research as a field, as an assemblage of people, concepts, institutions, and ideas that are somewhat related. We argue that this book is relevant for an international audience. However, we also acknowledge the limitations of many of the examples and insights brought forward in the following pages as being inherently rooted in the North American context. In many areas, this book is reflective of some changes that have occurred in the field over the last decades. We have tried to provide here an analysis and a reference where all agents who interact and associate in the field could recognize themselves. x

Acknowledgments We wish to thank our colleagues for their support and for their generous and helpful comments. Those comments, whether they were simple words of encouragements or whether they resulted in thorough theoretical discussions about the field, were all entirely helpful and motivating. In particular, we wish to thank Ann Galligan (Northeastern University), Kevin V. Mulcahy (LSU), Frédéric Poulard (Université de Lille), Evelyn Thorne (University of Oregon), Timothy Halkowski (University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point), Vincent Dubois (Université de Strasbourg), Dan J. Martin (Carnegie Mellon University), Sherri Helwig (University of Toronto Scarborough), and Jennifer Radbourne (Deakin University). Most importantly, this book would not have been possible without the relentless and insightful comments of our esteemed colleague Devin Beauregard, from the University of Ottawa. We would also like to thank the John Yeon Center and the School of Architecture and Allied Arts of the University of Oregon. They supported a retreat in Portland s heights that brought us together geographically, from the two sides of the North American continent, and intellectually from our respective points of origin in the field. We would like to thank Mark Wesner, caretaker of the Cottrell House, for also taking care of us during our stay as we were putting the last finishing touches on this book. xi