History of PIV Development in JAPAN Koji OKAMOTO The University of Tokyo okamoto@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp okamoto@utvis.com
Flow Visualization Society of Japan Founded in 1981 (National Workshop from 1973) 1 st Int. Symp. Flow Visualization, 1977 Tokyo 1 st president: Prof. T. Asanuma Digital image analysis on Visualized images 1981 K. Ohmi: Particle Streak Image 1982 T. Kobayashi: Particle Streak Image 1982 M. Yano: Particle Tracking Velocimetry 1983 M. Yano: Cross-correlation PIV http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnltop_en.php?cdjournal=jvs1981
M. Yano (1983) Velocity Measurement using Correlation concerning with Digital Tracer Image, J. Flow Vis. Soc. Jpn, 3, pp.189-193 Tracer image before unit time Tracer image after unit time Cross correlation of the tracer images Velocity distribution
Development of PIV in 1980s 2D PIV development 1986 I. Kimura: Direct Cross-correlation (window shift) 1986 T. Uemura: nearest pair PTV 1987 M. Kawahashi: Digital Laser Speckle Technique 1987 A. Kaga: Intensity Substitution 1988 T. Uemura, F.Yamamoto: Binary Cross-correlation 3D3C measurement 1986 J. Doi: Stereo Analysis of Hydrogen bubble 1987 K. Nishino, N. Kasagi: 3D PTV 1987 T. Kobayashi: 3D PTV
Nishino, K., Kasagi, N. and Hirata M., (1989), Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry Based on Automated Digital Image Processing, Trans. ASME, J. Fluid Engineering, 111, pp.384-390.
Kasagi N. and Nishino K. 1990, Probing Turbulence with three- Dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry, Experimental Thermal Fluid Science, 4, pp.601-612
Visualization Society of Japan Founded in 1990 (FVS VSJ) International Workshop on PIV 1995 Fukui Profs. Kobayashi and Yamamoto 1997 Fukui Profs. Kobayashi and Yamamoto Santa Barbara, Göttingen, Busan, Pasadena, Rome, Melbourne, Tsukuba,.. Research Committee on PIV(1996-2000) Standard Experiment Project Standard Image Project (www.piv.jp) Handbook of PIV (2002) 2000s: Dynamic PIV / Micro Visualization /.
PIV Standard Images (1996) #01 1 #04 1 www.piv.jp
For High-speed 2D PIV For 3D PTV For High-speed Stereo PIV 3D-STD-PIV(1999)
For High-speed 2D PIV (#301) 3D-STD-PIV(1999) www.piv.jp
For High-speed 3D-PTV or Stereo PIV (#351) 3D-STD-PIV(1999) Three cameras with different view angle Laser light sheet illumination Image distortion by test section surface www.piv.jp
For 3D PTV (#337) 3D-STD-PIV(1999) www.piv.jp
PIV Developments in 2000s PIV Hardware Dynamic PIV (high-speed PIV) Confocal scanner micro-piv PIV Software Multi-image PIV (3-10 images / temporal sampling) High-order PIV (Acceleration estimation) Application Extensions Micro-PIV, Nano-PIV Sound Visualization Bioengineering and so on..
(16,000K) Digital Camera High Spatial Resolution Spatial resolution (pixel) 1024x1024 (1000K) 512x512 (250K) 256x256 (60K) 128x128 (16K) 64x64 (4K) High-resolution VTR TV $1,000(2008) $40,000(1998) High-speed (1996) $100,000(2008) C-MOS camera (2002) Shimadzu 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 Temporal resolution (frames per second) 16 eye camera High Temporal Resolution
Photron FastCAM APX SA5 1024 x 1024 7,000fps (150µs) 1024 x 744 10,000fps (100µs) 832 x 448 20,000fps ( 50µs) 512 x 320 42,000fps ( 24µs) 320 x 264 75,000fps ( 13µs) CMOS, 12bit gray scale External synchronize (0-1,300,000Hz) Dead time (~1µs) http://www.photron.co.jp http://www.photron.com
CASIO EXILIM EX-F1 1280 x 720 30fps (33ms) 512 x 384 300fps (3.3ms) 432 x 192 600fps (1.7ms) 336 x 96 1,200fps (0.8ms) CMOS, 6Mpixel 78,000JPY (~$800) http://dc.casio.jp/product/exilim/ex_f1/
Hayami et al. 2003 Evolution-30 FastCAM MAX 10kHz(single mode) 512x256 / 10,000fps 10,000Hz ( t=100µs) Jan. 2003
Velocity distribution (10,000Hz) Hayami et al. 2003 Fine structure / Motion of vortex
Applications for Dynamic PIV Micro-PIV (Dynamic Structure in micro-fluidics) Scanning micro-piv (3D micro-system) Holographic PIV (3D structure) Biological PIV (Transient Blood flow) Multi-point correlation (10,000 LDV with 10kHz) Spatial dynamic range (double camera / 1:600) Tomographic Reconstruction (multi-camera) Visualization of Sound (High frequency vibration 100~1000Hz)
Schematic view of microchannel 100 µm 500 µm 25 µm 15 µm Butyl Acetate (Oil) 100 µm Cross Section Water Fluorescent particle BA BA 3 cm W 7 cm W Shinohara et al. 2007
Fluorescent particle image Wall Butyl Acetate 1.3 µl/min Wall 150 100 50 Water 0.1 µl/min 0 50 100 150 Shinohara et al. 2007
Instantaneous velocity distributions Wall Butyl Acetate 1.3 µl/min Wall 150 100 50 Water 0.1 µl/min 0 50 100 150 Shinohara et al. 2007
Near-interface flow 400 µm/s 150 Butyl Acetate t = 90.0 ms 400 µm/s y position [µm] 100 50 Water t = 90.5 ms t = 91.0 ms 400 µm/s 0 50 100 150 x position [µm] t = 91.5 ms Shinohara et al. 2007
3D scanning micro PIV system (x,y,z,u,v,w) 2D2C+T High Speed Camera (6000 frames/s) 3D3C Color filter Microscope PC Microsyringe pump 4.0 µl/min CW Nd:YAG Laser λ=532 nm Microtube Mirror Piezo Actuater Water Immersion 60x Objective Lens 8Hz scanning Shinohara et al. 2007
Piezo actuator SD = 100 µm f = 8 Hz Water immersion objective lens M = 60 NA = 0.9 FEP Microtube RI = 1.338 Fluo particles 1.0 µm Setup Function generator Water RI = 1.330 95 µm 2D2C(x,y,u,v,t) scanning 3D2C(x,y,z,u,v) out-of-plane Mirror Laser light (532nm) 3D3C(x,y,z,u,v,w) Shinohara et al. 2007
Out-of-plane velocity Dual-plane PIV system for macro-scale Raffel et al (1995) Exp.Fluids 19 69-77 Shinohara et al. 2007
Scanning direction 3D3C (x,y,z,u,v,w) Shinohara et al. 2007
PIV Developments in 2010s PIV Hardware Dynamic PIV (high-speed PIV) Confocal scanner micro-piv PIV Software Multi-image PIV High-order PIV Application Extensions Micro-PIV, Nano-PIV Sound Visualization Bioengineering and so on.. 1k x 1k @ 10kHz camera 10mJ/pulse @ 10kHz laser High temporal/spatial resolution analysis technique Advanced Technology to protect Global Warming.