Integrated Power Electronic Converters and Digital Control Ali Emadi * Alireza Khaligh Zhong Nie Young Joo Lee Q\ CRC Press / Taylor &.Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Contents Preface Authors xv xvii Chapter 1 Non-isolated DC-DC Converters 1 1.1 Buck Converter 1 1.1.1 Buck Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode 2 1.1.2 Buck Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 3 1.1.3 Design Considerations for Buck Converter 4 1.2 Boost Converter 8 1.2.1 Boost Converter Operation in Continuous Conduction Mode 9 1.2.2 Boost Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 11 1.2.3 Design Considerations for Boost Converter 12 1.3 Buck-Boost Converter 13 1.3.1 Buck-Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode 14 1.3.2 Buck-Boost Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 15 1.3.3 Design Considerations for Buck-Boost Converter 16 References 17 Chapter 2 Isolated DC-DC Converters 19 2.1 Flyback Converter 19 2.2 Forward Converter 22 2.3 Push-Pull Converter 24 2.4 Full-Bridge Converter 26 2.5 Half-Bridge Converter 28 References 30 Chapter 3 Power Factor Correction 31 3.1 Concept of PFC 31 3.2 General Classification of PFC Circuits 35
xvu Contents 3.3 High Switching Frequency Topologies for PFC 36 3.3.1 Buck Converter as Power Factor Corrector 36 3.3.2 Boost Converter as Power Factor Corrector 37 3.3.3 Buck-Boost Converter as PFC 38 3.3.4 Cuk Converter as PFC 40 3.3.5 SEPIC Converter as PFC 40 3.3.6 Zeta Converter as PFC 42 3.3.7 Flyback Converter as PFC 43 3.3.8 Forward Converter as PFC 45 3.4 Application of PFC in Advanced Motor Drives 46 References 50 Chapter 4 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters 51 4.1 Switched-Mode Power Supplies 51 4.2 Concept of Integrated Converter 52 4.2.1 Integrated Converter Configuration 53 4.3 Definition of Integrated Switched-Mode Power Supplies (ISMPS) 54 References 57 Chapter 5 Boost-Type Integrated Topologies 59 5.1 General Structure of Boost-Type Integrated Topologies 59 5.2 Boost-Flyback Converter 59 5.3 Boost-Double-Ended Flyback Converter 59 5.4 Boost Series Parallel Flyback Converter 60 5.5 Boost-Parallel Flyback Converter 61 5.6 Boost-Forward Converter 61 5.7 Boost-Double-Ended Forward Converter 61 5.8 Boost Series Parallel Forward Converter 63 5.9 Boost-Parallel Forward Converter 64 5.10 Boost-Full-Bridge Converter 64 5.11 Boost-Half-Bridge Converter 65 5.12 Boost-Push-Pull Converter 65 5.13 Boost-Buck-Boost Converter 66 5.14 Boost Integrated Flyback Rectifier/Energy Storage Converter 67 5.15 Boost-Buck Converter (Cuk Converter) 68 5.16 Boost Integrated Buck Rectifier/Energy Storage Converter 69 References 69 Chapter 6 Buck-Type Integrated Topologies 71 6.1 Concept of Boost-Integrated Converter 71 6.2 Buck Flyback Converter 71 6.3 Buck Double-Ended Flyback Converter 71 6.4 Buck-Series/Parallel Flyback Converter 72
Contents ix 6.5 Buck Parallel Flyback Converter 73 6.6 Buck Forward Converter 73 6.7 Buck Double-Ended Forward Converter 75 6.8 Buck Series Parallel Forward Converter 75 6.9 Buck Parallel Forward Converter 76 6.10 Buck Full-Bridge Converter 76 6.11 Buck Half-Bridge Converter 78 6.12 Buck Push-Pull Converter 78 References 79 Chapter 7 Buck-Boost Type Integrated Topologies 81 7.1 Structures of Buck-Boost Type Integrated Topologies 81 7.2 Buck-Boost Flyback Converter 81 7.3 Buck-Boost Double-Ended Flyback Converter 81 7.4 Buck-Boost Series Parallel Flyback Converter. 82 7.5 Buck-Boost Parallel Flyback Converter 83 7.6 Buck-Boost Forward Converter 83 7.7 Buck-Boost Double-Ended Forward Converter 84 7.8 Buck-Boost Series Parallel Forward Converter 84 7.9 Buck-Boost Parallel Forward Converter 85 7.10 Buck-Boost Full-Bridge Converter 85 7.11 Buck-Boost Half-Bridge Converter 86 7.12 Buck-Boost Push-Pull Converter 87 7.13 Flyback Forward Converter 87 7.14 Flyback Full-Bridge Converter 89 7.15 Flyback Half-Bridge Converter 90 7.16 Flyback Push-Pull Converter 91 References 92 Chapter 8 Other Types of Integrated Topologies 93 8.1 Other Types of Integrated Topologies 93 8.2 Buck-Buck Converter 93 8.3 Buck-Buck-Boost Converter 93 8.4 Buck-Zeta Converter 94 8.5 Buck-Boost-Buck-Boost Converter 95 8.6 Zeta-Buck-Boost Converter 96 8.7 Zeta-Zeta Converter 96 8.8 Boost-Boost Converter 97 8.9 Boost-Cuk Converter 98 8.10 Boost-SEPIC Converter 98 8.11 Cuk-Cuk Converter 99 8.12 SEPIC-Cuk Converter 99 8.13 SEPIC-SEPIC Converter 99 8.14 Flyback Forward Converter 100
x Contents 8.15 Boost Forward Converter 101 References 101 Chapter 9 Steady-State Analysis 103 9.1 Small Ripple Approximation, Inductor Voltage-Second Balance, and Capacitor Charge Balance 103 9.1.1 Small Ripple Approximation 103 9.1.2 Inductor Voltage-Second Balance Principle 103 9.1.3 Capacitor Charge Balance Principle 104 9.2 BIFRED Converter Example 105 References 114 Chapter 10 Dynamic Analysis 115 10.1 Methodology... 115 10.2 Buck Integrated Forward Converter Example 115 References 144 Chapter 11 Synchronous Rectification 145 11.1 Selection Criteria for Schottky Diode and MOSFET 145 11.2 Synchronous Rectification with Basic Switching Power Supply Topologies 146 11.2.1 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectification 146 11.2.2 Synchronous Boost Converter 148 11.2.3 Synchronous Buck-Boost Converter 149 11.3 Control of Synchronous Rectifier 150 11.4 Current-Mode Control Methods 153 11.5 Discrete and Integrated Approach for Synchronous Rectification 154 11.6 Comparison of Diode and Synchronous Rectifiers 155 11.7 Simulation Results 156 References 159 Chapter 12 Synchronous Rectification with Flyback and Forward Converters 161 12.1 Synchronous Rectification in the Flyback Converter 161 12.1.1 Constant-Frequency Continuous Conduction Mode 162 12.1.2 Flyback Converter with Constant-Frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode 164 12.1.3 Flyback Converter with Variable-Frequency Discontinuous Conduction Mode 169 12.1.4 Flyback Converter with VF DCM Zero-Voltage Switching 170 12.2 Synchronous Rectification in Forward Converter 171
Contents XI 12.2.1 Forward Converter with RCD Clamp and Self-Driven SRs 172 12.2.2 Forward Converter with Active Clamp and Self- Driven SRs 174 12.2.3 Forward Converter with Control-Driven SRs 176 12.3 Simulation Results 177 12.4 Summary 179 References 183 Chapter 13 Synchronous Rectification for Integrated High- Quality Rectifier-Regulators 187 13.1 Synchronous Rectification for IHQRRs 188 13.1.1 Synchronous Rectified BIFRED 188 13.1.2 Operation of Synchronous BIFRED 188 13.1.3 Synchronous Rectified BIBRED 192 13.2 Control of Synchronous IHQRRs 192 13.3 General Efficiency Considerations of IHQRRs 195 13.4 Comparison of Power Losses in Schottky and Synchronous IHQRRs 196 13.5 Simulation Results and Observations 200 13.6 Summary 204 References 207 Chapter 14 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Supplies Applications 211 14.1 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters for UPS Applications 211 14.1.1 Normal Operating Mode 214 14.1.2 Battery Charge Regulation Mode 217 14.1.3 Backup Mode 217 14.1.4 Control Strategy 217 14.2 Integrated Switched-Mode Power Converters for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives 219 References 223 Chapter 15 Review of Digital Control Techniques in Power Electronics 225 15.1 Advantages of Digital Control 225 15.1.1 Integration 225 15.1.2 Performance 226 15.2 Disadvantages of Digital Control and New Trends 226 15.2.1 Limited Analog-to-Digital Conversion Resolution and Range 227
XII Contents 15.2.2 Limited Digital PWM Resolution 227 15.2.3 Steady-State Oscillations (Limit Cycles) 229 15.2.4 Inherent Time Delay 229 15.3 Structure of Digital Controllers 230 15.4 Digital Design 230 15.4.1 Digital via Emulation 231 15.4.2 Direct Digital Approach 231 15.4.3 Root Locus Approach 232 15.4.4 Bode Plot or Frequency Response Approach 232 15.4.5 Deadbeat Control 232 15.4.6 Raggazini's Controller Design Method 235 15.4.7 State-Space Design 236 15.4.7.1 State Feedback Design (Control Law Design)... 236 15.4.7.2 State Estimator Design (Estimator Design) 237 15.5 Digital Control Techniques 238 15.5.1 Digital Current Mode Control 238 15.5.2 Predictive Control 240 15.5.3 Sliding Mode Control 244 15.5.4 Space Vector Control 247 15.5.5 Fuzzy Control 253 15.5.6 Pulse Train Control Method 253 15.6 Applications of Digital Control 254 15.6.1 Pulse Width Modulation 254 15.6.1.1 Naturally Sampled PWM 254 15.6.1.2 Regularly Sampled PWM 255 15.6.1.3 Randomly Sampled PWM 256 15.6.2 Motor Drives 257 15.6.3 Power Factor Correction 258 15.6.4 Standby Power Supply with Active Power Filter Ability 260 15.6.5 Distributed Power Systems 261 15.6.6 DC-DC Converters 261 15.6.7 Electronic Ballasts 263 15.7 Implementation of Digital Controllers 264 15.8 Summary 266 References 266 Chapter 16 Implementation of Digital Control Using Digital Signal Processors 273 16.1 Introduction to Implementation of Digital Control Based on DSPs 273 16.1.1 Basic Concepts of DSPs from Hardware and Software Points of View 274
Contents xiii 16.1.2 Specifications of Desired System 276 16.1.2.1 Functional Requirements of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter 277 16.1.2.2 Modeling and State Block Diagram of Converter 277 16.1.3 Control Flow Based on State Block Diagram 282 16.1.4 Selection of DSP and u-controller 282 16.1.4.1 Guidelines for DSP Selection 282 16.1.4.2 Selection of DSP Chip 283 16.1.5 Detailed Datasheets and Manuals 285 16.1.5.1 Internal Architecture and Electric Specifications 286 16.1.5.2 Software Development Environment (Assembler, Compiler, Linker, and Downloader) 286 16.1.5.3 Commercial DSP Starter Kit 287 16.1.5.4 Application Notes 288 16.2 Hardware Schematic Design of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter and DSP Control Board 289 16.2.1 Schematic for Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter 290 16.2.2 Selected DSP Chip Connectivity 290 16.2.3 Analog and Digital Signal Interface 293 16.2.4 Low Voltage Power and DSP Chip Reset Circuit 293 16.2.5 Boot Mode Selecting Circuit 297 16.2.6 RS-232 Serial Communication Circuit 298 16.2.7 Serial Interface with D/A Converter, EEPROM, and JLAG Port 298 16.3 Software Implementation for Control System 299 16.3.1 Defining Program Module Diagram According to Functionalities (or Lasks) 299 16.3.2 Link Command File 300 16.3.3 Start-up Code 301 16.3.4 Header Files and Module to Define Special Function Registers 302 16.3.5 Construction of Control Flow Chart for Controller 303 16.3.6 Composing Source Codes for Non-inverting Buck- Boost Converter 304 16.3.7 Making and Running Executable Code File 319 16.3.8 Testing Operation of Non-inverting Buck-Boost Converter 319 16.4 Summary 319 References 327 Index 331