Erbium doped fiber and highly non-linear fiber based on bismuth oxide glasses

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 4 (28) 12 121 www.elsevier.com/locate/jnoncrysol Erbium doped fiber and highly non-linear fiber based on bismuth oxide glasses Naoki Sugimoto * Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., 11 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan Abstract Extend L-band amplification, high gain C + L-band amplification for coarse wavelength division multiplexing and short pulse amplification can be realized using bismuth based erbium doped fiber. On the other hand, step-index type fiber using bismuth based glass whose refractive index of 2.22 at 1. lm is fabricated. This fiber exhibits high non-linearity (c = 16 W 1 km 1 ) because of the high non-linearity of the glass material and the small effective core area. Ó 27 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 42.7.C; 42.81; 42..W; 78.2.C Keyword: Optical fibers 1. Introduction * Tel.: +81 4 74 7271; fax: +81 4 74 8866. E-mail address: naoki-sugimoto@agc.co.jp Internet and data traffic continues to grow steadily, which are stimulating the demand for higher information transmission capacity of backbone and metro optical network. To meet the capacity demand, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) have been practically proposed. Material technology is one of the key technologies to realize WDM and OTDM system. Refractive index is the most significant optical property of glass, because this index shows interaction between light and glass material. High refractive index enhances or affects emission property or optical non-linearity. Thus this feature is very important for the advanced optical telecommunication and processing devices in both WDM and OTDM systems. Heavy metal oxide glasses containing TeO 2, PbO, Ga 2 O and Bi 2 O are well known to show high refractive index. However, glasses which exhibit refractive index higher than 2. with higher thermal stability for fiber drawing are not practically available. We have developed novel bismuth oxide based glasses which show refractive indices higher than 2. with higher thermal stability, and have fabricated optical fiber using these glasses for erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and non-linear applications. In order to increase the transmission capacity in WDM systems, broadening amplifiable band is strongly desired. EDFA is commonly used for WDM system. To increase the WDM channel counts, the first solution is to reduce spacing between the wavelengths, and the second solution is to broaden the bandwidth limited by EDFA. To broaden EDFA, expanding the gain bandwidth of EDFA is required. This bandwidth depends on local structures of Er + ions in glasses, which in turn depends on the glass compositions. To expand the bandwidth of telecommunication, many fiber amplifiers such as germanium doped silica-based EDF, germanium/aluminum doped silica-based EDF have been developed [1]. Moreover, several materials have been proposed such as tellurite-based EDF [2,], antimony based EDF [4], phosphorous co-doped silica-based EDF [,6]. We also reported that Er + doped Bi 2 O -based glasses show broadband emission and Bi 2 O -based EDF exhibits broadband gain profile covering the wavelength 22-9/$ - see front matter Ó 27 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:1.116/j.jnoncrysol.27.2.96

126 N. Sugimoto / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 4 (28) 12 121 region from 1 to 162 nm [7 9]. In this paper, we report extend L-band amplification, high gain C + L-band amplification for coarse WDM and short pulse amplification. All-optical signal processing techniques will play a key role in future wideband WDM networks and ultra-highspeed OTDM systems. Optical wavelength conversion of WDM signals, optical demultiplexing of OTDM signals, and optical signal regeneration are typical examples of such all-optical signal processing. Third-order optical non-linearity is employed in these applications. Optical fiber is one of the candidates for third-order non-linear media because of its high-power density and long interaction length. Highly non-linear fiber allows us to shorten the fiber length and to reduce the required optical power. The non-linear coefficient c of the fiber is written as c ¼ 2pn 2 =ka eff ; ð1þ where n 2 is the non-linear refractive index, k the wavelength, and A eff the effective core are of the fiber [1]. Thus we have two approaches to enhance the fiber non-linearity c. One is to reduce the effective core area A eff and the other is to use a glass material whose n 2 is high. For example, the c value of a standard single mode SiO 2 -based fiber is 2.7 W 1 km 1, and that of SiO 2 -based holey fiber which has very small A eff is 6 W 1 km 1 [11]. Lead silicate based holey fiber was recently reported to show high c = 182 W 1 km 1 [12]. Tellurite based holey fiber whose zero dispersion wavelength was shifted to 1. lm band was reported to show high c = 67 W 1 km 1 with small A eff (.4 lm 2 ) [1]. On the other hand, we have proposed highly non-linear fiber made up of the Bi 2 O -based glass, and reported that this fiber has a high non-linear coefficient c =64W 1 km 1 with the conventional step-index structure and with ordinary A eff of 2 lm 2 [14]. This high nonlinearity originates from high non-linearity of Bi 2 O -based glass [1]. In addition to the high non-linearity, this fiber shows relatively low propagation loss less than.8 db/ m, fusion spliceability to SiO 2 fibers, and good mechanicalchemical- and thermal-durability. Owing to these practical characteristics, the Bi 2 O -based glass has also been applied to the highly non-linear holey fiber [16]. Recently we developed a novel Bi 2 O -based glass material which has high refractive index more than 2.2 at 1. lm and a suitable cladding glass material for the step-index structure with small A eff [17,18]. In this paper, we report the fabrication of the step-index type fiber (Bi- NLF) with A eff of. lm 2 using this new Bi 2 O -based glass, and the evaluation of its non-linearity using the four wave mixing (FWM) method. We found that the Bi-NLF has a high non-linear coefficient c of 16 W 1 km 1. 2. Er doped fiber 2.1. Fiber fabrication Lanthanum/erbium co-doped Bi 2 O -based glass was prepared by a melting method. We fabricated single mode Bi-EDF (cladding diameter of 12 lm) with plastic coating. The Er concentrations are 2 or 6 wt-ppm (.8, 1.6 1 2 /cc) and the La concentration is 4.4 wt% in these fibers. The mode field diameter at 1 nm was set to be 6.2 lm. The refractive index of the core and the numerical aperture of the fiber at 1 nm were 2. and.2, respectively. The propagation loss of. db/m was estimated at 11 nm using the cut-back method. The Bi-EDFs were fusion-spliced to high NA fibers (Corning HI98) using a commercial fusion-splicer and the average splice loss was estimated to be less than. db/point. Angled-cleaving and splicing were applied to suppress the reflection due to the large refractive index difference between the Bi- EDF and silica fiber. Mixed angle which satisfies Snell s low was also adopted to reduce the coupling loss (6 for Bi-EDF, 8 for silica fiber). 2.2. Extended L-band amplification Although C- and L-band amplifiers have been practically implemented using EDFAs in WDM systems, several issues have remained especially in L-band amplifiers. One is extending the L-band region to longer wavelength in order to expand the gain bandwidth and to reduce undesirable non-linear effects in dispersion shifted transmission fiber. The other is reducing the FWM errors with high-power signals since interaction length in EDF is longer in L-band amplifiers compared with that in C-band amplifiers. Only 2-cm long Bi-EDF (2 ppm of Er) exhibits broadband gain even in extend L-band region to 162 nm and no increase in noise figure (NF) beyond 161 nm wavelength [19] as shown in Fig. 1. The measurement error was less than. db in this experiment. This extended L-band characteristics are based on the broadband Er + emission in the host glass [7]. The demonstration of a 2-cm-long Bi-EDF which provides gain greater than 2 db and NF less than 6.7 db to 142 DWDM channels simultaneously over an extended wavelength range of 8 nm from 14 Gain & NF(dB) 2 2 1 1 + + 112 + 112 142 + 1 171+ 9 21+ 8 1 16 17 18 19 16 161 162 Fig. 1. Gain and NF profile of 2-cm Bi-EDF with different pumping configuration. Pumping power (148-nm) is 112 + 112, 142 + 1, 171 + 9 and 21 + 8 mw.

N. Sugimoto / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 4 (28) 12 121 127 to 1612 nm was reported [2]. The -db (gain of 17 2 db) bandwidth of the Bi-EDFA is 4 nm when it is pumped with mw of 148-nm beam and the power conversion efficiency of the fiber is about 4%. Although bismuth oxide glass has higher non-linear refractive index than other glasses [1], Bi-EDF has the advantage of needing just a few meters fiber for effective L-band amplification [19,2]. We also demonstrated very low non-linearity L-band amplifier with Bi-EDF. Output signal power dependence on the ratio of idler power of 26-cm Bi-EDF is plotted in Fig. 2. The channel spacing is 1 nm. The measurement error of the ratio was less than. db in this experiment. The power ratio of idler to signal was proportional to output signal power. On this type of fiber even at 2 dbm output power, the ratio is less than db. This Bi-EDF showed very small FWM cross-talk because of its short fiber length [21]. Moreover, the longer wavelengths of the extended L- band window enable higher launched power with narrow channel spacing. This reduces undesirable non-linear effects such as FWM over dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) spans. Since the band location is far from the zero-dispersion wavelength, low-cost enhanced-reach or R-repeaterless DWDM transmission systems can be realized. Suzuki et al. reported an extended L-band Bi-EDFA using only -m long Bi-EDF with automatic gain control (AGC) for high gain DWDM amplifiers for use with DSF [22]. This Bi-EDFA provided a bandwidth ranging from 177 nm to 1612 nm, shifted 7 nm in the direction of longer wavelength compared to the silica-based-edfa. The measured gain and NF over a 16 db input power range ( 2 dbm to 18 dbm) were demonstrated. This Bi-EDFA exhibited a high output power of +2 dbm and a gain of 22 db at an input power of 2 dbm and the AGC circuit enabled to hold the gain profile constant over the wide 16 db dynamic range. 2.. C + L-band amplification for CWDM Coarse WDM (CWDM) system is also emerging as a mainstream technology for metro access optical networks. For the CWDM system, a wide-band amplifier is needed since the channel spacing of the wavelength grid is Idler / Signal (db) -4 - - -6 17nm -6 19nm 161nm -7 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 Output Signal Power (dbm) Fig. 2. The idler to signal power dependence on output signal power. Fiber length is 26 cm and channel spacing is 1 nm. 2 nm, and each channel should have a wide tolerance due to the wavelength fluctuation of laser diodes. The amplification of CWDM signals has been demonstrated using fiber Raman amplifiers (FRAs) and rare-earth doped amplifiers [2,24]. An 8-channel CWDM amplifier that has the output power of 19 dbm has been reported using FRAs. However, their gain per channel was relatively low (1 db). Rare earth doped amplifiers have higher gain than FRAs, and an in-line CWDM amplifier that has 22. db gain has been reported using erbium doped tellurite fiber amplifiers. However, their total output power was about 12 dbm. Bi-EDF had the -db down bandwidth of 7 nm in the C + L-band [21]. Moreover, we demonstrated high-gain and high-power 4-channels CWDM amplifier using -stage cascaded Bi-EDFA [2]. The fiber length of the first, second, and third stage were 9 cm, 7 cm, and 1 cm, respectively. These Bi-EDFs (Er: 2 ppm) were pumped using four pump lasers at 148 nm. Forward pump were applied for the first and the second stage to ensure low NF performance, and bidirectionally pump were applied for the third stage to use it as a boost amplifier. Gain flatting filters (GFFs: maximum insertion loss was 16. db at 16 nm) were inserted in the positions between the first and the second Bi-EDFs, and between the second and the third Bi-EDFs. The four CWDM signals (11 nm, 171 nm, 191 nm, 1611 nm) were input using an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source. Fig. shows CWDM signals observed at the input and the output of Bi-EDFA. Measured NF characteristics are also shown. The error of gain and NF values is less than. db. Total pump power in this case was 8 mw (2 mw/ld). For dbm total input signal ( 6 dbm/ch), the net gain was more than 2 db for CWDM signals spreading 6 nm bandwidth. A total output power of 21. dbm was achieved. 2.4. Short pulse amplification In conventional EDFAs, picosecond pulse amplification is difficult without dispersion compensation since they Optical power (dbm) 4 2-2 -4-6 -8 2dB -1 14 16 18 16 162 Fig.. CWDM signals observed at the input (dotted line) and the output (solid line) of Bi-EDFA. Noise figure characteristics are also shown. 8 7 6 4 2 1 Noise figure (db)

128 N. Sugimoto / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 4 (28) 12 121 usually require several tens of meters of silica-based EDF. In contrast, Bi-EDF exhibits more than 1 db gain in C + L-band using only 22-cm [8]. Taira et al. carried out short pulse amplification experiment using 12-cm long Bi- EDF (Er:6 ppm) [26]. They showed 2-fs pulses amplification without significant pulse broadening and spectrum a Intensity (a.u.) b 14 dbm 12 14 16 18 16 1 12 11 1 9 7 Input broadening, because the dispersion and self-phase modulation of optical pulses is negligible owing to the short fiber length. Set et al. studied 2.-ps pulse amplification of 2- cm long Bi-EDF compared with Si-EDF and concluded that Bi-EDFA has a much higher (>1 db) non-linear tolerance than a conventional Si-EDFA [27]. Sotobayashi et al. performed amplification of a 1-ps pulse using a 22.7 cm Bi-EDF over 8 nm wavelength range, from 12 to 16 nm [28]. Gains greater than 12 db were obtained without pulse broadening in these wavelengths. We made a comparison between 42-fs pulse amplification characteristics of Bi-EDF and that of Si-EDF, which have the same product of Er + -absorption and fiber length [29]. Fig. 4(a) shows output power dependence of spectrum shape using 7-m long Si-EDF whose peak absorption is 6. db/m. The spectrum was distorted even at dbm with Si-EDF. On the other hand, the spectrum was not distorted even at 7 dbm with.22-m long Bi-EDF whose peak absorption is 219 db/m as shown in Fig. 4(b). The 64 W 1 km 1 nonlinear coefficient of Bi-fiber [14] is much higher than the 7 W 1 km 1 of the typical Si-EDF. Dispersion of Bi- EDF is 1 ps/nm/km [26], and this value is also larger than that of Si-EDF (8 ps/nm/km []). However, the fiber length of Bi-EDF for enough amplification is approximately 1/2 1/1 compared with Si-EDF. Thus, the effective non-linearity of Bi-EDF is 1/2 1/1 of Si-EDF. And the effective dispersion is 4/ 1/6 of Si-EDF. These small non-linearity and dispersion enable short pulse amplification without pulse width broadening.. Highly non-linear fiber.1. Fiber characteristics Intensity (a.u.) 14 dbm 12 14 16 18 16 1 12 11 1 9 7 Input Fig. 4. (a) Dependence of spectrum shape on output power of 7-m long Si- EDF whose peak absorption is 6. db/m. (b). Dependence of spectrum shape on output power of.22-m long Bi-EDF whose peak absorption is 219 db/m. Bi 2 O -based glass was prepared by a conventional melting method. Fig. shows wavelength dependence of refractive index and absorption coefficient of Bi 2 O -based glass containing 6. mol% of Bi 2 O. Refractive index at telecom wavelength (1. lm) is 2.22. There is no absorption in telecom wavelength. We fabricated single mode Bi-NLF Absorption Coefficient [cm -1 ] 4 2 1 2. 2. 2.2 2.2 6 8 1 12 14 16 Wavelength [nm] Fig.. Refractive index and absorption coefficient of bismuth oxide based glass containing 6. mol% of Bi 2 O. Refractive Index

N. Sugimoto / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 4 (28) 12 121 129 (cladding diameter of 12 lm) with plastic coating. In order to fabricate fiber with higher non-linearity c, we used core glass with n = 2.22 and clad glass with n = 2.1 at 1. lm. Thus the theoretical numerical aperture (NA) of this fiber is calculated to be.61. These glasses have the same thermal properties such as softening point and expansion coefficient and have sufficient thermal stability for fiber drawing as summarized in Table 1. To make A eff smaller and to satisfy the single mode condition at 1. lm, the core diameter should be ranging from 1.9 to 1.4 lm. The obtained core diameter is 1.72 lm and the fiber diameter is 12.4 lm. Therefore, the effective core area A eff is estimated to be. lm 2. The propagation loss at 11 nm was measured to be 1.9 db/m using the cutback method. Group-velocity dispersion (GVD) of the fiber was measured by homodyne interferometric method using Agilent 8191A. We find that the Bi-NLF has a large normal GVD of 27 ps/nm/km, which is mainly due to the material dispersion of the high refractive index glass; however, its effect is not so serious because of the short fiber length..2. Four wave mixing experiment Fig. 6 shows the experimental setup for FWM. The pump wavelength was fixed to 1 nm. After being amplified by an Er doped fiber amplifier, the pump wave was combined with the signal wave whose wavelength was tuned in the range below 1 nm, and input to the 2-mlong Bi-NLF using an aspherical lens whose NA is.. The coupling loss in this setup is estimated to be 4.8 db using the known propagation loss of the fiber and optical powers measured in front of the aspherical lens and at the Bi-NLF output. The pump power incident on the Bifiber was estimated to be 12.6 dbm (18.4 mw), and the signal power was estimated to be 1.8 dbm. From the output spectrum measured by an optical spectrum analyzer as shown in Fig. 7, we can determine the power ratio of the newly generated idler wave and the signal wave. The Table 1 Refractive index and thermal properties of core and cladding glasses Glass n (1 nm) T g ( o C) a ( 1 7 /K) Core (Bi 2 O :6.) 2.22 69 11 Cladding (Bi 2 O :6) 2.1 69 114 Power (dbm) Pidler/Psignal (db) 1-1 - - -7-9 147 148 149 1 11 12 1-2 - - -4-4 result is shown by dots in Fig. 8 as a function of the wavelength difference between the signal and pump waves. The experimental errors of these measurements were less than. db. The power ratio r(z) of the idler wave and the signal wave at the propagation distance z is expressed as rðzþ ¼ðcP av zþ 2 ; Signal Pump Idler Fig. 7. Output spectrum from Bi-NLF - 1 2 4 Wavelength difference (nm) Fig. 8. Ratio of the idler power to the signal power as a function of the signal wavelength detuning from the pump wavelength. when the signal wavelength is close enough to the pump wavelength [1]. In Eq. (2), P av denotes the path average power of the pump wave given as P av ¼ P ½1 expð azþš=az; ðþ where P is the input power of the pump wave and a the loss constant of the fiber. From Fig. 8 and Eq. (2), we obtain the non-linear coefficient c of the Bi-NLF as high as ð2þ EDFA Tunable LD 1 nm Tunable LD = < 149 nm BPF 1 nm PC pump signal Aspherical lens collimate Bi-NLF lens Optical Spectrum analyzer Fig. 6. Experimental setup for four wave mixing.

121 N. Sugimoto / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 4 (28) 12 121 16 ± 16 W 1 km 1. This value is more than twenty times larger than the reported maximum of the SiO 2 -based holey fiber. The non-linear refractive index n 2 calculated from Eq. (1) is 1.1 1 18 m 2 W 1, which is about 4 times larger than that of SiO 2 and is consistent with the previously reported value [17]. The decrease in the ratio with larger wavelength detuning shown in Fig. 8 is due to the GVD of the fiber. We performed fusion splicing of the Bi-NLF to a high-na SiO 2 fiber (HI98, Corning) using a conventional splicing machine. The splicing loss was estimated to be 9.6 db. The main reason for this large splice loss is the large MFD mismatch between SiO 2 fiber (6. lm) and Bi-NLF (2.1 lm): We find that the loss due to the MFD mismatch is 4. db by calculations. In addition, we estimate that. lm misalignment of the axis would result in 2-dB extra loss. We have also evaluated the non-linearity of the fusion spliced Bi-NLF by FWM and obtained c as high as 1 W 1 km 1 which is well in agreement with the lens-coupling experiment. Furthermore, we have succeeded in reducing the fusion splicing loss to 1.76 db using ultra- high NA SiO 2 fiber (UHNA4, Nufern) whose NA is.. These results indicate that the Bi-NLF could be the best candidate for the practical non-linear fibers used in all-optical processing. 4. Conclusion Bismuth oxide based glasses whose refractive index >2. were prepared, and were applied to erbium doped fiber and highly non-linear fiber. Bismuth based erbium doped fiber (Bi-EDF) exhibits broadband gain profile covering 1 162 nm, short fiber length amplification because of high Er + doping without quenching, fusion spliceability to SiO 2 fibers using a conventional splicer. Utilizing these characteristics, Bi-EDFs have been applying to extended L-band amplification, C + L-band amplification and short pulse amplification. Furthermore, we have developed novel Bi 2 O -based glass material whose refractive index >2.2 and fabricated conventional step-index type highly non-linear fiber aiming at applications to all optical signal processing. This fiber exhibits high non-linearity (c = 16 W 1 km 1 ) because of high non-linearity of the glass material and the small effective core area. The fiber also exhibits low loss ( 1.9 db/m) and fusion spliceability to SiO 2 fiber. References [1] M. Yamada, M. Shimizu, Y. Ohishi, M. Horiguchi, S. Sudo, A. Shimizu, Electron. Lett. (1994) 1762. [2] J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, E. Snitzer, Opt. Mater. (1994) 187. [] Y. Ohishi, A. Mori, M. Yamada, H. Ono, Y. Nishida, K. Oikawa, Opt. Lett. 2 (1998) 97. [4] A.J.G. Ellison, OAA21, Stresa, OWC4 (21). [] M. Kakui, S. Ishikawa, IEICE Trans. Electron. E8-C (2) 799. [6] T. Yamashita, M. Yoshida, H. Tanaka, S. Tanaka, T. Yazaki, H. Tanaka, OFC22, Anaheim, ThJ1, 22. [7] S. Tanabe, N. Sugimoto, S. Ito, T. Hanada, J. Lumin. 87 89 (2) 67. 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