Table of Contents How to Use This Product........... 3 Introduction to Primary Sources..... 5 Using Primary Sources Photographs The Sistine Chapel................15 16 The Pristine Sistine.................15 Portrait of Machiavelli.............17 18 Prince Among Books...............17 Boticelli s La Primavera............19 20 Is This a Myth?....................19 The School of Athens by Raphael......21 22 History Painted Them Great..........21 Florence Duomo..................23 24 The Cathedral Dome................23 Donatello s Marzocco..............25 26 Whose Lion?......................25 Ghiberti s Gates of Paradise.........27 28 Oh, the Grandeur!..................27 Dante s Inferno...................29 30 It s Hot!.........................29 Using Primary Sources Henry VIII s Response to Martin Luther 31 34 What a Character..................31 Clarifying Differences...............33 Translation of Henry VIII s Response...34 Reformation Leaders...............35 38 For Reform.......................35 Leading Traits.....................37 Reformation Leaders................38 Da Vinci s Notes..................39 42 Take Note........................39 Inventions Made Easy...............41 Da Vinci s Notes...................42 Michelangelo s Moses..............43 46 A Master.........................43 In the Words of Michelangelo.........45 Michelangelo s Moses...............46 Doges Palace Denunciation Slot......47 50 Sealed with a Name................47 Masked Accusation.................49 Doges Palace Denunciation Slot.......50 Stelluti s Bumble Bees..............51 54 Natural Man......................51 Stelluti s Next Assignment...........53 Bumble Bees......................54 William Shakespeare...............55 58 Much Ado About Shakespeare........55 Shakespeare s Beat.................57 Shakespeare Image.................58 Image of Florence.................59 62 The City.........................59 Travel to Florence..................61 The City of Florence................62 Document Based Assessments Renaissance Art.....................63 Important Men......................64 Comparing Renaissance Portraits........65 Pietàs.............................66 Piazza della Signoria in Florence........67 Donatello s Sculptures................68 Renaissance Facts....................69 Davids............................70 Da Vinci s Notes.....................71 William Shakespeare..................72 Doges Palace Denunciation Slot.........73 Renaissance Cathedrals................74 Appendix About Your CD-ROM.................75 Suggested Young-Adult Literature and Websites.........................77 Document Based Assessment Rubric Example....................78 Answer Key........................79 #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance 2 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.
The Cathedral Dome Florence Duomo Standard/Objective Describe and analyze the effects of changing technologies on the global community. (NCSS) Students will be exposed to Renaissance architecture, its style, and its influences while participating in a simulated contest to build the Duomo. Materials Copies of both sides of the Florence Duomo photo card; Copies of the historical background information (page 24); One raw egg Discussion Questions Compare the colors, materials, and style of the dome to the rest of the cathedral. How long would you estimate it took to build this dome? Why is this cathedral considered a great piece of architecture? What do you notice about its construction? Using the Primary Source Explain that a duomo means dome in Italian. In Italy, the word duomo is used to refer to a cathedral. Provide each student with copies of the Florence Duomo photo card. Have students examine the photograph of the cathedral and ask the discussion questions above. There are additional photos of the cathedral on the CD-ROM if you want to use them for this activity. Hold up a raw egg and tell students that the person who can make this egg stand upright on its own will receive a prize. Let each student try to make the egg stand upright. When everyone has had a chance, take the egg and crack it against the top of the desk so that the bottom is flat, making it stand upright. Listen carefully to the response from the class. Tell them that the experiment you just did was actually done in history, and the winner was chosen to build the dome that they see in the photo. Next have students read the historical background information (page 24), reminding them of their own responses when they come to the description of the egg contest. Finally, let students work on the activities on the back of the photo card. Extension Idea Have students imagine that they are standing in front of the cathedral. Each student should compose an entertaining, but factual postcard about a visit to the Florence Duomo. Teacher Created Materials, Inc. 23 #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance
Florence Duomo The Cathedral Dome (cont.) Historical Background Information Florence is home to some of the most beautiful buildings of the Renaissance. When viewing the skyline of Florence, the dome of the cathedral or Duomo named Santa Maria del Fiore (Holy Mary of the Flower) stands out. In 1296, the sculptor, Arnolfo di Cambio, began the building. Numerous local artists continued the work over the next century. Filippo Brunelleschi, the master architect, built the dome. The painter, Giotto, was responsible for the bell tower. The cathedral was built of red, white, and green marble, and the dome was constructed using red Italian tile. Cambio actually began the cathedral using a Gothic style in 1296, but in 1366 it was decided by a select group of artists that the Gothic style would no longer be used in Florence. It was also decided then that all new work should follow Roman forms. These new Roman forms dictated that an octagonal dome measuring 138 feet (42 meters) would be built at the east end of the main building. Because of these changes during its construction, this cathedral has both Gothic and Roman design. Around 1415, there was a contest to see who would build the dome. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Brunelleschi all competed for the job of building the dome, but it was Brunelleschi who was finally chosen as the architect. Brunelleschi, a well-respected artist and architect had designed a set of blueprints that he believed would work for this large dome. The council and other artists wanted to know his plan, but he refused to show them. He called for a contest using an egg. He challenged every artist to make an egg stand straight up and said that anyone who could make the egg stand on its end should be granted the job of building the dome. One by one, the artists tried to make the egg stand upright, but each time it wobbled on its side. When at last everyone had attempted this trick, it was his turn. He took the egg, stood it upright, and gently pressed it on the table so that only the bottom was smashed, making it stand upright on its own. All of the artists groaned saying, If we knew that we could crack the egg to make it stand up, then we would have done it, too. He replied saying, Yes, and if you were to look at my blueprints, you would be able to copy my design for the dome, too. Needless to say, he was given the job. Brunelleschi knew that the problem lay in the scaffolding. No one knew how to build scaffolding tall enough to construct a dome of this size. Whenever someone tried to extend scaffolding that was tall enough to reach the top of the building, it would topple over. So, he decided to build the dome without the aid of scaffolding. This had never been done before, but he convinced himself and others that his design would work. The design was accepted and built under his supervision from 1420 to 1436. The construction of the dome was very difficult. It was built with two layers, an inner dome and an outer shell to protect it from the weather. Both layers rest on a square base to absorb their weight. Brunelleschi began by laying large wooden planks across the diameter of the dome. He stood on these bases, which were anchored to the dome itself, as he built the dome. When he had built around the dome reaching as far up as he could, he simply took those wooden bases and inserted them at the new top and began adding to the dome again. The process was repeated until the dome was finished. In this way, the dome itself supported the scaffolding. #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance 24 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.
Doges Palace Denunciation Slot Sealed with a Name Standard/Objective Identify and interpret sources and examples of the rights and responsibilities of citizens. (NCSS) Acting as upright Renaissance citizens, students will create realistic denunciations for criminals in their town and then write about their experiences. Materials Copy of the facsimile Doges Palace Denunciation Slot; Copies of the historical background information (page 48); Copies of the student activity sheet, Masked Accusation (page 49); For optional use: Doges Palace Denunciation Slot (page 50); Art supplies: shoeboxes (one per student, brought from home), construction paper, glue, markers, and scissors Discussion Questions How do you think this artifact was used? Who would be against using a box like this? Who would be for using a box like this? Do we have procedures or policies that are similar to using this box? What are they? Using the Primary Source Share with students the facsimile of the Doges Palace Denunciation Slot. Ask the first discussion question and have students brainstorm what the artifact is and how it was used. Distribute the historical background information (page 48) and explain to students those things that they do not understand about this box. Ask the remaining discussion questions and allow time for students to reflect on the good and bad consequences of having such a box. Before this lesson, have each student bring a shoebox from home. Tell students that they are each going to make a denunciation box. Using art supplies, have students design their boxes with a slit in the mouth of the figure. Explain to students that the boxes will be put on display after completion. Distribute the student activity sheet, Masked Accusation (page 49), and have each student write an example of the denunciation slips that might have been put in the boxes during the Renaissance. Have each student place their example in the slit of their box and then write about their experience on a separate sheet of paper. Extension Idea Have students reflect on the practice of denunciation and compose a paragraph on their thoughts about this practice. Would it be a good or bad practice to have in today s society? Teacher Created Materials, Inc. 47 #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance
Doges Palace Denunciation Slot Sealed with a Name (cont.) Historical Background Information Today the Doges Palace is a famous part of Venice s history. At one time, the Doges Palace (Palazzo Ducale) was the residence of the rulers of Venice and the seat of government. It was built to the east of the famous San Marco s Plaza and was used as a showplace for artwork. During the Renaissance, boxes were placed throughout the city to give people the opportunity to provide information about those committing crimes. This document shows a box that was a denunciation slot at the Doges Palace. The slots were cut like a mouth in a mask, and a citizen could accuse people by placing a slip of paper with the person s name written on it. This particular box collected names of those accused of swindling and bribing. During the Renaissance the practice of denunciation originated from Biblical scripture. Matthew chapter 18, verses 15 17 say, If your brother sins against you, go and tell him his fault, between you and him alone. If he listens to you, you have gained your brother. But if he does not listen, take one or two others along with you, that the evidence of two or three witnesses may establish every charge. If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church. And if he refuses to listen even to the church, let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector. People of this period of time felt that they were doing the best by their neighbor if they told on them and had them reprimanded by the church. People were falsely accused of crimes at times, but there were a few things to keep that from happening. When a denunciation was not signed, the government generally would not investigate. Also, when an informer was proven to have made false accusations, the informer was severely punished. On April 8, 1476, Leonardo da Vinci had to deal with this process of denunciation. At this time a wooden box for accusations was set up in front of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. The anonymous person accused da Vinci of having an inappropriate affair. It was an unfortunate and trying situation for da Vinci. No one at this time wanted to deal with the accusations whether they were true or false, and da Vinci was put on a spot to defend himself. It was to da Vinci s advantage that the person did not sign his or her name to the denunciation paper. There was an eventual acquittal of the charge, and da Vinci escaped any action. #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance 48 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.
ij25
Florence Duomo Historical Background Information Around 1415, Filippo Brunelleschi competed for the chance to build the dome of the Florence Duomo. Florence was home to many talented artists, and all of them entered competitions to build or design various buildings around the city. Just a few years before, Brunelleschi had competed to design the bronze doors on the baptistery, but lost the competition to Lorenzo Ghiberti. Along with Ghiberti and Michelangelo, Brunelleschi built a model of what he thought the dome should look like. His design was accepted, and the dome was built under his supervision from 1420 to 1436. Analyzing History Knowledge Describe how you could explain what the word duomo means without using any words. Comprehension Imagine you are in Florence and a tourist stops you and asks where he could find the Duomo. You give him a description of the Duomo, and he finds it with no problem. What was your description? Application Describe two other times in history when people found unique and innovative ways to build tall structures. Analysis Study pictures of the cathedral s architectural design and categorize aspects of the building into Roman design and Gothic design. Synthesis Choose two other Renaissance cathedrals, such as the Milan Duomo and St. Peter s Cathedral. Create a three-circle Venn diagram to compare and contrast these buildings to the Florence Duomo. Evaluation Locate pictures of the interior of the dome. Do you like what is painted there? Does it seem to match the style of the rest of the building? Explain your answer in detail. Historical Writing Fiction Imagine you are helping to build the Florence cathedral. Write a letter to your mother describing your experience. Nonfiction When Brunelleschi heard that Ghiberti, his former rival for the baptistery doors, had been assigned to work on the dome with him, he angrily took his blueprints and left the scene. The council finally had to woe him back by taking Ghiberti off the assignment. Create a script for a one-act play about this event. History Challenge Competitions were held for various commissions around the city of Florence. When Brunelleschi competed for the commission to design the baptistery doors, what was the topic of his creation for this competition? Teacher Created Materials, Inc. #3933 Exploring History Through Primary Sources The Renaissance
Doges Palace Denunciation Slot Name Masked Accusation Background Information During the Renaissance boxes were placed throughout a city to give people a chance to provide information about those committing crimes. These boxes were called denunciation slots. The idea for denunciation originated from Biblical scripture in the book of Matthew, chapter 18, verses 15 17. This scripture suggests that you first confront the criminal. If that doesn t work, you should go to the church and describe the crime. People of this period of time felt that they were doing the best by their neighbor if they told on them and had that individual reprimanded by the church. Activity Directions: Pretend you live in Renaissance days, and you are placing a note in one of these denunciation boxes about a law that someone has broken. In the space below, write your denunciation to be placed in the box. Be specific about the law that was broken. Remember to date it and sign your name. On a separate sheet of paper, compose a diary entry explaining how you feel about turning this person over to the law. Challenge Today, we have phone numbers for neighborhood watches, reporting child abuse, drug abuse situations, and suicide prevention. We have television shows that even put up pictures of people who need to be brought to justice. Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast this type of crime prevention activity with the denunciation slots used during the Renaissance. Teacher Created Materials, Inc. 49 #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance
Doges Palace Denunciation Slot Doges Palace Denunciation Slot Instructional Resources Corporation #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance 50 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.
Document Based Assessments Name Pietàs St. Peter s Cathedral Pietà by Michelangelo Courtesy of Wendy Conklin Unfinished Pietà by Michelangelo Courtesy of Wendy Conklin 1. What is the connection between the two sculptures? 2. Michelangelo created both of these. Are there any details that tell you that the same artist worked on these pieces? 3. For what reasons were religious themes so popular in Renaissance art? #3933 Exploring History The Renaissance 66 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.