VICTORIA WOODHULL Victoria Claflin Woodhull, later Victoria Woodhull Martin (September 23, 1838 June 9, 1927), was an American leader of the woman's suffrage movement. Woodhull was an advocate of free love, by which she meant the freedom to marry, divorce, and bear children without government interference. She was the first woman to start a weekly newspaper and she was an activist for women's rights and labor reforms. In 1872, she was the first female candidate for President of the United States. At her peak of political activity in the early 1870s, Woodhull is best known as the first woman candidate for the United States presidency, which she ran for in 1872 from the Equal Rights Party, supporting women's suffrage and equal rights. It was ironic for women to run for President during this time because universal suffrage throughout the United States was not granted to women until 1920 (passage of the 19 th Amendment). Woodhull was nominated for President of the United States by the newly formed Equal Rights Party on May 10, 1872, at Apollo Hall, New York City. A year earlier, she had announced her intention to run. Also in 1871, she spoke publicly against the government being composed only of men; she proposed developing a new constitution and a new government. Her nomination was ratified at the convention on June 6, 1872. They nominated the former slave and abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass for Vice President. He did not attend the convention and never acknowledged the nomination. He served as a presidential elector in the United States Electoral College for the State of New York. This made her the first woman candidate. Her arrest on obscenity charges a few days before the election for publishing an account of the alleged adulterous affair added to the sensational coverage of her candidacy. Woodhull again tried to gain nominations for the presidency in 1884 and 1892. Newspapers reported that her 1892 attempt culminated in her nomination by the "National Woman Suffragists' Nominating Convention" on September 21 of that year. Mary L. Stowe of California was nominated as the candidate for vice president. The convention was held at Willard's Hotel in Boonville, New York, and Anna M. Parker was its president. Some woman's suffrage organizations repudiated the nominations, however, claiming that the nominating committee was unauthorized. Woodhull was quoted as saying that she was "destined" by "prophecy" to be elected President of the United States in the upcoming election. Woodhull, died on June 10, 1927, at Norton Park in Bredon's Norton, Worcestershire, near Tewkesbury, England, United Kingdom. Many of the reforms and ideals Woodhull espoused for the working class, against what she saw as the corrupt capitalist elite, were extremely controversial in her time. Generations later many of these reforms have been implemented and are now taken for granted. Some of her ideas and suggested reforms are still debated today.
LEVELS Knowledge VICTORIA WOODHULL Questions QUESTIONS Who was Victoria Woodhull? Identify The Equal Rights Political Party. Recall the two main reasons Victoria Woodhull ran for the presidency. Where & When did Victoria Woodhull die? Comprehension Why was it ironic that Victoria Woodhull ran for President in 1872? Why were women becoming increasingly dissatisfied with their roles in America? Application How has Victoria Woodhull impacted American Society today? Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
BELVA ANN BENNETT LOCKWOOD Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood (October 24, 1830 May 19, 1917) was an American attorney, politician, educator, and author. She was active in working for women's rights. The press of her day referred to her as a "suffragist," someone who believed in women's suffrage or voting rights. Lockwood overcame many social and personal obstacles related to gender restrictions. After college, she became a teacher and principal, working to equalize pay for women in education. Lockwood agreed with many of Susan B. Anthony's ideas about society's restrictions on women. Anthony was concerned about the limited education girls received. Courses at most girls' schools chiefly prepared female students for domestic life and possibly for temporary work as teachers. Anthony spoke about how young women ought to be given more options, including preparation for careers in the business world, where the pay was better. Lockwood was encouraged to make changes at her schools. She expanded the curriculum and added courses typical of those which young men took, such as public speaking and gymnastics. Lockwood gradually determined to study law rather than continue teaching and to leave upstate New York. Lockwood graduated from law school in Washington, D.C. and became one of the first female lawyers in the United States. In 1879, she successfully petitioned Congress to be allowed to practice before the United States Supreme Court, becoming the first woman attorney given this privilege. Belva Lockwood was the second woman to run for President of the United States, and is noteworthy as being the first woman to have her name officially placed on the ballot. Lockwood ran as the candidate of the National Equal Rights Party. She ran in the Presidential Elections of 1884 and 1888. On January 12, 1885, Lockwood petitioned the United States Congress to have her votes counted. She told newspapers and magazines that she had evidence of voter fraud. She asserted that supporters had seen their ballots ripped up and that she had received one-half the electoral vote of Oregon, and a large vote in Pennsylvania but the votes in the latter state were not counted, but rather discarded as false votes. Lockwood was a well-respected writer, who frequently wrote essays about women's suffrage and the need for legal equality for women. Among the publications in which she appeared in the 1880s and 1890s were Cosmopolitan (then a journal of current issues), the American Magazine of Civics, Harper's Weekly, and Lippincott's. In addition to being active in the National American Women's Suffrage Association and the Equal Rights Party, Lockwood participated in the National Women's Press Association. The organization for women journalists also advocated for equal rights for women. Lockwood believed strongly in working for world peace. She co-edited a journal called The Peacemaker, and she belonged to the Universal Peace Union. She was also a delegate to an International Peace Conference in London in 1890. She opposed U.S. Involvement in World War I and spoke against it until her death. She died on May 19, 1917 & is buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
BELVA ANN BENNETT LOCKWOOD Questions LEVELS Knowledge Comprehension Application QUESTIONS Who was Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood? What did Lockwood do late in her life? Recall the journal Lockwood co edited and state the name. Why is it important that Lockwood's name appeared on the official ballot? Why did Lockwood agree with many of Susan B. Anthony's agendas? How has Lockwood impacted American Society today? Analysis Compare Lockwood's isolationist views to that of imperialists in the United States. Synthesis Evaluation
OVETA CULP HOBBY Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905 August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Air Corps, and chairperson of the board of the Houston Post. During World War II she headed the War Department's Women's Interest Section for a short time and then became the Director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (later the Women's Army Corps), which was created to fill gaps left by a shortage of men. The members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to be in Army uniform. Hobby achieved the rank of colonel and received the Distinguished Service Medal for efforts during the war. She was the first woman in the Army to receive this award. President Dwight D. Eisenhower named her head of the Federal Security Agency, a non-cabinet post, and she was invited to sit in on cabinet meetings. Soon, on April 11, 1953, she became the first secretary, and first female secretary, of the new Department of Health, Education, Human Services, and Welfare. This was her second time organizing a new government agency. Her work here included making the decisions to approve Jonas Salk's polio vaccine. She resigned her post in 1955 to return to Houston to care for her ailing husband. Back in Houston, Hobby resumed her position with the Houston Post as president and editor and cared for her husband. She went on to serve on many boards and advisory positions with various civic and business institutions around the country. Seventeen colleges and universities, including Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania, awarded her honorary doctoral degrees. Eisenhower encouraged her to run for President in 1960, but she did not run. She died of a stroke in 1995, in Houston, and was buried at Glenwood Cemetery.
OVETA CULP HOBBY Questions LEVELS Knowledge QUESTIONS Who was Oveta Culp Hobby? Identify the Women's Army Corps. Comprehension Application Analysis Why was Hobby a good choice to be appointed Secretary of Department of Health, Education, Human Services, and Welfare? Why were women in the United States becoming increasingly active in government roles during and after World War II? How has Oveta Culp Hobby impacted American Society today? Although Hobby did not actually run for the presidency, how would she have done if she decided to do so? Compare Hobby's role in government during and after World War II to that of women in the United States in World War I. Synthesis Evaluation
LENORA FULANI Lenora Branch Fulani (born April 25, 1950) is an American psychologist, psychotherapist, and political activist. She may be best known for her presidential campaigns and development of youth programs serving minority communities in the New York City area. In the United States presidential election, 1988 heading the New Alliance Party ticket, Fulani made history as she became the first woman and the first African American to be placed on the ballot in all fifty states. She received more votes for President in a U.S. general election than any other woman in history until Jill Stein in 2012. Fulani's political concerns include racial equality, gay rights and for the past decade, political reform, specifically to encourage third parties. In her career, Fulani has worked closely since 1980 with Fred Newman, a New Yorkbased psychotherapist and political activist who has often served as her campaign manager. Newman developed the theory and practice of Social Therapy in the 1970s, founding the New York Institute for Social Therapy in 1977. Along with psychologist Lois Holzman, Fulani has worked to incorporate the social therapeutic approach into youth-oriented programs, most notably the New York City-based All Stars Project, which she co-founded in 1981. These city programs create enriching experiences outside school for poor inner city youth. Fulani states about the program - We teach young people to use performance skills to become more cosmopolitan and sophisticated to interact with the worlds of Wall Street, with business and the arts. In becoming more cosmopolitan in going beyond their narrow and parochial and largely nationalistic identities they acquire a motivation to learn as a part of consistently creating and recreating their lives. In 1993, Fulani joined activists who supported Ross Perot for President in the United States presidential election, 1992, in a national effort to create a new pro-reform party. In 1994 she led formation of the Committee for a Unified Independent Party (CUIP). For years Fulani was active with Newman's version of the International Workers Party (IWP). More recently she has been active with the Independence Party of New York, which was founded in Rochester in 1991 and has become influential countrywide.
LENORA FULANI Questions LEVELS Knowledge QUESTIONS Who was Lenora Fulani? Identify the New Alliance political party. Comprehension Why was the Presidential Election of 1988 a historic moment? Why does Fulani devote much of her time to education for the urban youth? Application How has Lenora Fulani impacted American Society today? Analysis Compare Lenora Fulani's proposals of education to the education you currently receive. Synthesis Propose a plan to improve educational experiences of children and teenage students in urban centers with higher rates of crime and poverty. Evaluation
JILL STEIN Jill Stein (born May 14 th, 1950) is an American physician specializing in internal medicine. She is a graduate of Harvard College and the Harvard Medical School. and was the nominee of the Green Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. On October 24, 2011, Stein launched her campaign at a press conference in Massachusetts, saying, "We are all realizing that we, the people, have to take charge because the political parties that are serving the top 1 percent are not going to solve the problems that the rest of us face, we need people in Washington who will refuse to be bought by lobbyists and for whom change is not just a slogan". Stein supports the creation of sustainable infrastructure based in clean renewable energy generation and sustainable communities principles, in order to improve or avoid what she sees as a growing convergence of environmental crises in water, soil, fisheries, and forests. Her vision includes increasing intra-city mass transit and intercity railroads, creating 'complete streets' that safely encourage bike and pedestrian traffic, and regional food systems based on sustainable organic agriculture. Other than the centerpiece of her campaign, modeled after the New Deal which was called the Green New Deal, Stein has a number of other positions which included nationalization of the Federal Reserve and placing them under the authority of the Department of the Treasury, having a full employment program, the renegotiation of "NAFTA and other "free trade agreements," turning the minimum wage into a living wage, ending corporate welfare, making "heat, electricity, phone, internet, and public transportation... democratically run, publicly owned utilities that operate at cost, not for profit," having a 90% on the bonuses collected by bankers that were bailed out, break up too big to fail banks, and stopping private banks from creating Federal Reserve Notes. Some of her other views included letting pension funds be controlled by workers democratically, establishing "federal, state, and municipal publicly owned banks," free secondary and higher education, supporting local, healthy food, putting in place a moratorium on future foreclosures, stopping hydraulic fracturing making a grid to provide energy democratically, repealing the Patriot Act and parts of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2012, passing the Equal Rights Amendment, reversing the Citizens United ruling and closing all U.S. military bases. Other policies included granting "undocumented immigrants... a legal status which includes the chance to become U.S. citizens" while halting their deportations, and ending the War on Drugs by putting a bigger emphasis on treatment instead of imprisonment. On Election Day in 2012 Barack Obama was reelected for a second term. Stein received 469,501 votes (0.36% of the popular vote). Stein received twice the amount of votes Cynthia McKinney received in 2008 and triple the amount of votes David Cobb received in 2004. Stein is the most successful female presidential candidate in U.S. History (Hilary Clinton's success in the Democratic Primary does not count because she lost the nomination for the Democratic party to Barack Obama who would go on to win the presidency against John McCain in 2008).
JILL STEIN Questions LEVELS QUESTIONS Knowledge Who was Jill Stein (include an identification of her political party - Green Party ). Comprehension Why was the Presidential Election of 2012 one of distinction for Jill Stein? Application How has Jill Stein impacted American Society today? Analysis Compare Jill Stein's Green New Deal proposals to Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal policies of the early 1900s. Synthesis Propose a balanced plan the United States should follow that includes 3 ideas each from the Democratic, Republican, and Green Parties. Evaluation Defend one major perspective of Jill Stein's Green Party proposals which you believe may work best for the United States.