Chapter 1: Sets and Probability Section 1.3-1.5 Recap: Sample Spaces and Events An is an activity that has observable results. An is the result of an experiment. Example 1 Examples of experiments: Flipping a coin and noting whether it lands on heads or tails. Rolling a die and noting the uppermost face. Rolling two dice and noting the sum of the uppermost faces. Pulling a M&M out of a bag and noting its color. Selecting a box of Blue Bell ice cream out of a carton and noting whether or not it is contaminated with listeria. Selecting a card out of a standard 52-card deck and noting the suit. Selecting a student at an A&M football game and noting the amount of time spent standing. Selecting a battery and noting the length of time it lights a flashlight. A of an experiment is the set of all possible outcomes of the experiment. Each repetition of an experiment is called a. Note: A sample space can be finite OR it can be infinite. 1
Example 2 Consider the experiment of flipping a coin and noting whether it lands heads or tails then rolling a six-sided die and noting the uppermost facing number. What is the sample space of this experiment? When an experiment consists of a sequence of tasks, we can represent it by a Example 3 Draw a tree diagram for the experiment in the last example.. Given a sample space S for an experiment, an of S. (That is, a subset of the possible outcomes.) is any subset E An single outcome. (or simple) event is an event with a Example 4 Consider the experiment from the previous two examples. a) List the elementary events of this experiment. b) Indicate the outcomes in the event where you roll an even number. c) Indicate the outcomes in the event where you flip a heads. d) Indicate the outcomes in the event where you flip a heads and roll an even number. 2
e) Indicate the outcomes in the event where you flip a tails and flip a heads. S E F If E and F are two events, then is the of the two events and consists of the set of outcomes that are in E or F. S E F If E and F are two events, then is the of the two events and consists of the set of outcomes that are in both E and F. S E If E is an event, then the of E and consists of the set of outcomes that are not in E. is Example 5 Consider the sample space of the experiment from the last several examples. Let E be the event where you roll an even number, F be the event where you flip a heads, and G be the event where you roll a 1. a) List the elements of E, F, and G. 3
b) Find E G. c) Find E F. d) Find F C. The empty set ( ) is called the means no outcome and every experiment must have some outcome. event. Example 6 Consider the experiment of flipping a coin and the events H and T (where H represents the event of flipping a heads and T is the event of flipping a tails). Then H T =, thus H T is an impossible event. Let S be a sample space. The event S is called the event. Two events E and F are said to be if the sets are disjoint. That is, Example 7 Consider the experiment of rolling two fair six-sided dice and observing the numbers that are rolled on each die. Let E be the event that the sum of the two dice is 5. Let F be the event that the number on the first die is exactly 1 more than the number on the second die. Let G be the event that a 6 is rolled. a) Are E and F mutually exclusive? b) Are E and G mutually exclusive? 4
Standard Deck of 52 Playing Cards: A standard deck of 52 playing cards has four 13-card suits: clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades. The diamonds and hearts are red, while the clubs and spades are black. Each 13-card suit contains cards numbered from 2 to 10, a jack, a queen, a king, and an ace. In all the previous examples, the sample space could be listed. We call such spaces sample spaces. Sometimes the sample space cannot be listed. In these cases, we call our space a sample space. Example 8 Consider the experiment of measuring the amount of time it takes a person to drive their car down University Drive from Wellborn to Texas Avenue on game day. a) Describe the sample space. b) Describe the event that it takes less than 5.3 minutes. c) Describe the event that it takes between 5 and 45 minutes, inclusive. 5
Basics of Probability (Section 1.4) A sample space whose individual elementary events are equally likely is called a sample space. Example 9 The following are uniform sample spaces Flipping a fair coin and noting whether it lands heads or tails. Rolling a fair die and noting the uppermost face. Randomly selecting a letter from the word HOWDY and noting the letter. Choosing one M&M out of a bag containing 2 red, 2 green, and 2 purple ones and noting the color. Probability of an Event in a Uniform Sample Space: If S is a uniform sample space and E is any event, then the probability of E, written by:, is given Example 10 Consider the experiment of flipping a fair coin three times and noting whether it lands heads or tails for each trial. Find the probability of the following events. a) E is the event of flipping exactly 2 heads. b) F is the event of flipping at least 2 heads. c) R is the event of flipping less than 2 heads. 6
d) U is the event of flipping exactly 2 heads or flipping exactly 2 tails. e) V is the event of flipping exactly 2 heads and exactly 2 tails. Example 11 Consider the experiment of rolling a pair of fair six-sided dice and noting the uppermost faces. Find the probability of the following events. Possible Rolls (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) a) The sum of the numbers on the dice is 9. b) The sum of the dice is more than 10. c) A 5 is rolled. d) A double is NOT rolled. Example 12 A card is drawn from a standard 52-card deck. What is the probability that a Jack is drawn? A club? A face card? 7
In many real-life situations, we want to estimate the likelihood of certain events. For example, we may want to estimate the likelihood that a person likes the search engine Bing more than Google. We can collect data to estimate this likelihood by randomly choosing people and asking them which search engine they prefer. If we ask a large number of people, the fraction of people who claimed to like Bing more than Google is a good estimate of the likelihood that any given person would prefer Bing. A probability based on collected data is called an If an experiment is performed n times and an event E occurs m times, then the empirical probability of the event is. Example 13 A biased 6-sided die is rolled 120 times and the number rolled is recorded. The results are given below. Number Rolled 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency 15 24 22 15 28 16 What is the empirical probability that an odd number is rolled? A probability distribution table is a table with one column (or row) for the events that take place and one column (or row) for the probability of each event. A probability distribution table must satisy the following properties: The events listed must be The sum of the probabilities must be 1. Example 14 Suppose you have a jar filled with 6 red marbles, 4 blue marbles, and 7 green marbles. An experiment consists of selecting one marble from the jar and observing its color. a) Construct the probability distribution table associated with this experiment. b) What is the probability that the marble is NOT red? 8
Rules for Probability Probability Rules: For any events E and F in a sample space S, we have (1) 0 P (E) 1 (2) P (S) = 1 (3) P ( ) = 0 (4) P (E F ) = P (E) + P (F ) P (E F ) (Union Rule for Probability) (5) If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P (E F ) = P (E) + P (F ) (6) P (E C ) = 1 P (E) and P (E) = 1 P (E C ) (Complement Rule) Example 15 Suppose you are given the following probability distribution for a sample space S = {s 1, s 2, s 3, s 4, s 5, s 6 }. Outcome s 1 s 2 s 3 s 4 s 5 s 6 Probability 3 3 1 1 1 10 10 20 12 10 Suppose E = {s 1, s 4, s 5 }, F = {s 2, s 3 }, and G = {s 2, s 5 }. Fill in the missing probability in the table and then calculate the following. a) P (E) b) P (F G) and P (E F ) c) P (G C ) and P (E G) d) P (F C G C ) 9
Example 16 Let E and F be two events of an experiment with sample space S. Suppose P (E) = 0.6, P (F ) = 0.3, and P (E F ) = 0.7. Compute the following: a) P (E F ) b) P (F C ) c) P (E C F C ) d) P (E C F ) Example 17 If P (E) = 0.6 and P (F ) = 0.3 with E and F mutually exclusive, what is P (E C F C )? Example 18 A recent survey of 200 children found that 150 liked brownies, 90 liked ice cream, and 190 liked brownies or ice cream. Find the probability of the following events. a) A child liked brownies and ice cream. b) A child liked exactly one of these two desserts. c) A child liked brownies or did not like ice cream. 10
Example 19 An experiment consists of flipping a fair coin and rolling a six-sided die. a) Find the probability of flipping a heads and rolling an even number. b) Find the probability of flipping a heads or rolling an even number. c) Find the probability of rolling an even number or rolling a 5. d) Find the probability of not rolling a 5. e) Find the probability that neither a head is flipped nor an even number is rolled. Example 20 The table below gives the number of students of each classification who are majoring and not majoring in business in a class of 110 students. Freshmen Sophomores Juniors Seniors Total Business 10 17 20 12 59 Non-Business 8 3 15 25 51 Total 18 20 35 37 110 A student is randomly selected from this class. Find the probability of the following events. a) The student is not a junior. 11
b) The student is a lower classmen (freshman or sophomore). c) The student is an upper classmen non-business major. d) The student is a business major or a sophomore. The of P (E) to P (E C ), or of an event E are defined to be the ratio Example 21 Given the probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.3, what are the odds that it will rain tomorrow? What are the odds that it will not rain tomorrow? Obtaining Probability from Odds: Suppose that the odds for an event E occurring is given as a or a : b, then b Example 23 The odds of Barcelona (a Spanish soccer team) winning the La Liga are 8 to 13. What is the probability that Barcelona will win? What is the probability that Barcelona will not win? 12