Washington Wing CAP Airborne Photography Class
Civil Air Patrol is increasingly being tasked to provide photographic support to Federal and State agencies responding to natural disasters and other emergencies: Tropical Storm Sandy Oklahoma tornadoes Colorado floods Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico oil spill Other possible disasters for Washington State: Earthquake Puget Sound oil spill Tsunami Radiation contamination Terrorism
Airborne Photographer Videography Information Technology Specialist For these Specialties, Civil Air Patrol requires completion of an extensive list of Specialty Qualification Training Records (SQTR): Cameras Exposure and settings Composition Camcorders Computer requirements Transferring, organizing and renaming Photos Viewing and editing photos Sending photos to the customer Printing photos Batteries, lenses, filters and other accessories This class will not teach all these SQTR s
What this class will teach: Use of the Nikon D90 and D5200 camera kits Washington Wing photo methodology Airborne photo techniques Post mission duties Post processing Aircrew coordination Distribution of kneeboard cards Six of nineteen AP SQTR tasks http://www.wawg.cap.gov/wingstaff/operations/aerial photography
WAWG Photo Training Goals All WAWG aircrew (pilots, observers and scanners) need to attend formal ground school to ensure quality, consistency and efficiency of the WAWG photo mission 1.Learn how to operate the current WAWG camera system Nikon D90 with the GP 1 hotshoe GPS; AMOD GPS Photo Tracker 2.Learn how to operate the current WSDOT camera system Nikon D5200 with Holux Blue Tooth GPS Logger and AOKA Blue Tooth Receiver 3.Learn simple airborne photo techniques; observe good and bad photos, what the customer wants and what he doesn t 4.Learn how to perform an initial post flight review of photos to select the best photos to meet specific mission requirements 5.Ensure delivery of photos to the I/C or directly to the customer within an expedited timeframe.
D90 Camera Kit
Equipment List
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Install the Garmin GP1 Hot Shoe Mounted GPS Install camera batteries (either 1 or 2)
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) m Reset Camera Press both the +/ and AF buttons. Hold them pressed for four seconds. The two buttons have green dots next to them. The Control Panel Display will flash to confirm reset has been completed. It is not necessary to continually reset the camera, as user settings are retained after camera shutdown. The two button reset returns the camera to CAP usable settings except for ISO, which changes to 200.
Reset Settings Image Quality Normal Image Size L Release mode Single frame ISO o Auto modes Auto o Manual modes 200 Should be manually set to 800 White balance Auto o Fine tuning 0 o Color temp 5000 K Picture control modifications None Autofocus mode AF A (Shutter can only be released if camera is able to focus) Focus point center Metering Matrix AE/AF lock hold off Exposure compensation off
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Remove lens cap Turn on camera Check battery condition To check condition of batteries when 2 batteries are installed press the Information button to turn on the Monitor
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Monitor Showing Condition of Both Batteries
Nikon D90 Lens
Nikon D90 Pre mission Check Verify that 8 Gb Memory Card is Installed Set Lens Autofocus Switch to AF Set Camera Autofocus Switch to AF Set Lens Optical Stabilizer Switch to On
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Rotate Mode Switch to S Rotate command dial to set speed to 1/200 in viewer LCD
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Changing Camera Settings Press Menu Button to open Menu Of Setting Options. Use the Multi Selector to Scroll Through the Setting Options. Use The OK Button to Make a Selection and OK Push Button to Make a Selection
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Clear Memory Card Press Menu Button to bring up Monitor Use Navigation Buttons to Select Delete Option and Press the Ok Button to Delete all photos on Memory Card Note If unable to pull up the delete option use Format Memory Card which will delete all photos from Memory Card
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont)
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont)
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Sync D 90 Camera Time With Naval Observatory Atomic Clock (NASO) Press menu Scroll to the Tools Icon Scroll to World Clock and Press OK button Confirm Date is correct Set clock to 20 seconds ahead of the NASO time and press OK when the NASO time and Camera time match
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Check Camera Settings Mode set to S Battery Condition Large Picture Size ISO Set to 800 JPEG Setting to JPEG Normal GPS Active and Locked Onto the Network Memory Capable of Storing 760 additional photos
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) m m m m m m m Perform a Photo Check Take Camera, GP 1 and AMOD Tracker Best if done outside Take Photo Check Results Press Playback Button picture will appear on the Monitor
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Check results (cont.) Push Multi Selector up to see shooting data display Push Multi Selector one more time to view the Latitude, Longitude, Altitude, Time and Date. Presence of this data shows that the GP 1 GPS is working correctly.
Nikon D 90 Pre mission Check (Cont) Delete photo Press the Delete Button TWICE to delete the photo just taken
Lens Focal Length Setting The Focal Length Rotate the lens focal length ring
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker Summary: Operation Time: 15+ hrs with 3 x AAA standard batteries. Memory capacity = 128 Mbyte = 240 sorties of 2 hours each, with data logging of 1 point per sec.
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker Log GPS Data Turn the AGL3080 ON by pressing the Power ON/OFF button until all three LED s blink Both buttons simultaneously There are three status LED s on AGL3080 Red (Storage Full), Green (GPS Status), and Amber (Battery Power)
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker AMOD Tracker Status When the Green LED is blinking, indicating it has started tracking the GPS satellites and logging the GPS data During normal operation, if you see the Green LED not blinking (i.e., constant ON), adjust the orientation and position of AGL3080 until the Green LED is blinking again to ensure good reception of GPS signals When the Red Storage LED is on the Storage is full and no additional GPS info will be stored The only way to erase the storage disc inside the AMOD AGL 3080 is through the computer. When the Amber LED is on steady the battery power is full When the Amber LED starts to blink the battery power is below 20%
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker AMOD AGL 3080 Special Functions Position Mark Press Position Mark button firmly The RED Storage Full LED will be on insert a Mark tag to the logged GPS position data» If pressed right after a photo is taken the photo GPS position will be also be tagged GPS Reset Press the Mark button for 3 to 4 seconds to reset the GPS The AGL 3080 will re start the GPS satellites searching without using satellite information already on hand and stored internally» Using this process will enable the AMOD AGL 3080 to acquire satellite position quicker than when the last GPS position is used
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker Set up Mode 6 Logging Modes Available in Set up Mode With the AMOD Tracker Off Press and Hold both the Power On and Mark buttons until the 3 LEDs flash 5 times and release the buttons the Tracker is now in Set up Mode Press the Mark button once to enter each of the 6 Logging Modes Recommended mode is #2 (RMC=1 sec)
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker Set up Mode (cont.) Mode 1 Memory Full LED On Steady Mode 2 Memory Full LED Flashing Mode 3 GPS LED On Steady Mode 4 GPS LED Flashing Mode 5 Battery Low LED On Steady Mode 6 Battery Low LED Flashing
AMOD AGL 3080 Tracker Set up Mode (cont.) Set up Mode Table
Washington Wing Photo Methodology Critical Elements Airborne photography is an Aircrew Activity A clear understanding of the customer s requirements must be obtained prior to launch The Mission is to position the airborne photographer so that the best possible photos can be taken Every member of the aircrew is responsible for the success of the mission Training as an airborne photography aircrew is essential
Washington Wing Photo Methodology (cont.) Problems to avoid Customers usually don t want photos of cows in flooded fields Ensure that GPS data is available in the EXIF header Customers don t want a dozen photos if one or two will suffice. Don t overload the customer with too much data, especially useless or unnecessary data Time is a critical factor get the photos delivered to the customer quickly Meet the mission parameters
Imaging Flight Patterns m The 4-Square imaging pattern is the standard imaging pattern for most missions, as it is the simplest and most stable pattern that results in very good images m The Bird s Eye (Overview) pattern is used to show an overview of a target or when images need to show detail between structures (e.g., between buildings or between trees) m The Circling pattern is more difficult to master, particularly if the Airborne Photographer is shooting out the right-side window. This pattern is good for taking quick shots of multiple targets, and can be used if a quick survey of widespread damage is needed by staff to determine resource needs and plan more detailed sorties m The 45 Angle to Target pattern is used when the customer specifically asks for these types of images
Imaging Flight Patterns m Both the Mission Pilot and the photographer must be familiar with how any particular imaging pattern will be approached and flown; that s why planning is so essential to a successful mission m Once you decide on which type of pattern to use, fill in all the data you need (e.g., lat/long of all entry and turning points) to fly the pattern using the GPS and/or VOR m How the Mission Pilot maneuvers the aircraft into the proper position for each shot is very important. m The approach to the imaging pattern should be stable, and the photographer must be given enough time to analyze current conditions and set up for the photo or video imaging run
Imaging Flight Patterns If you are performing damage assessment and didn t know the extent or type of damage to expect when you left on the sortie, the ID Pass will be followed by an assessment survey The circling flight pattern is a good pattern to use Also, you may want to sketch the damage to help you decide what images you need and what imaging flight patterns to use You may need a combination of flight patterns and/or need to make several runs to capture all the damage
Imaging Flight Patterns m Aerial Imaging flight patterns are always flown at 1000' AGL or higher, and never at speeds below V x m Every imaging pattern starts with an ID Pass that allows you to verify the target and note its coordinates Examine the target and its surroundings, and decide how to frame your photos in the upcoming passes Also ensure you are at the right altitude to get the desired video or photo
Circling Imaging Flight Pattern
4-Square Imaging Flight Pattern
Bird s s Eye Imaging Flight Pattern 1 Factory Circle target to find the altitude that will permit horizontal framing and determine the best direction from which to take the imaging photo 2 Factory Shooting from right window at best altitude and direction Approximately 75 knots (not V x ), 10 flaps, 10 bank and full opposite rudder
Crew Communications m The first pass by the target is very important m This is the time to determine: You are at the correct altitude (angle) for best results You are looking in the right direction for best results You are at the correct distance from the target You are flying at the correct speed Whether or not you need to (and can) use the zoom to properly frame the photo m If any of these conditions aren t met, have the pilot turn around, correct the problem, and redo the first pass
Crew Communications m The Mission Pilot must always strive to put the photographer in the proper position for a shot m Small adjustments, not obvious to the pilot, must often be made to get the right angle or position Lifting the wing, moving the strut out of the frame or making minor course (heading) changes are the most common adjustments
Crew Communications m The pilot must be aware these maneuvers may be necessary, and the photographer must know how to direct the pilot Keep the directions clear and simple: Lift your wing or Move the strut forward or Left 10 tells the pilot all he needs to know The pilot also needs positive feedback, especially if you are shooting out of the right-side windows. Use simple words such as Good, good to let the pilot know they re on the right track and speed Finally, tell the pilot when the adjustments are no longer required by saying something like OK, I have the shots
Crew Communications m The photographer must decide whether the pictures satisfy all mission requirements m Don t be afraid to admit that you didn t get a particular shot, and ask the Mission Pilot to reposition for another try. Never hesitate to make another pass or to reposition the aircraft to ensure a good photo, and don t let any other crewmember rush you. m Remember, you should take as many photos as you think you need to fulfill mission requirements There s plenty of room on your storage media, and the extra time you spend doing this on-scene is much less expensive and timeconsuming than having another sortie go back to the target because you didn t get the right images
Factors Affecting Success m Vibration comes from the airplane, its engine and air turbulence m To reduce the effects of vibration, hold your camera properly and don't rest any part of the camera or your body against the airframe In particular, keep your arms and elbows from coming in contact with the window sill or armrest. Ideally, the only part of the airframe that will be in contact with your body is the seat cushion
Factors Affecting Success m It s best to wait for the best visibility instead of shooting through haze or other obscuring conditions Even on clear days visibility is rarely unlimited, so you always have to adjust to actual conditions over the target m Haze and fog are the most likely limits to visibility you have to deal with m Ways to deal with haze and fog: When you fly over the target during the ID pass (discussed below), see if there is a difference between looking straight down at the target and looking at a slant angle. With haze, lower angles to the target are often better. With fog, the reverse may be true
Factors Affecting Success m Focus. Even though you re flying at 90 knots your distance from the ground (altitude) stays roughly the same m When using Autofocus (AF), the camera shutter will not activate until the shot is in focus; this will cause a short pause; proper procedure is to press the shutter down halfway, wait for a beep tone and then press all shutter all the way down. m Focus each shot perfectly, even if you change the zoom setting m If you re using Manual focus, set the lens at the Infinity stop unless you're using a lens longer than 200 mm or are at less than 1,000' AGL Most AF lenses can focus past infinity and have to be focused with the AF system
Prepare the Aircraft m Clean the aircraft windows before you leave, and make sure you have cleaning supplies on board m If you will be shooting out the right front window of the aircraft, remove the window holding screw m Enter any waypoints into the GPS before takeoff m Set up and test the Audio Panel and Intercom m Check the imaging equipment Note: A shot of the aircraft N number with the camera or camcorder provides a good starting image for the sortie, particularly if there are images on your media card or tape from a previous sortie m Arrange your equipment for easy access, but ensure lightweight objects such as charts and logs are not lying loose where they can be blown about the cabin when you open a window to take pictures
The ID Pass m Known Location The Mission Pilot or Mission Observer should enter the coordinates into the GPS as a User Waypoint, and display this waypoint on the MFD (G-1000) When you pass over the target, verify you have the right target m Unknown Location The Mission Pilot or Mission Observer should enter a grid or search box of coordinates into the GPS as User Waypoints, and display the waypoints on the MFD (G-1000) When you pass a target, log the coordinates to match to photos and as a back up to the GP-1.
The ID Pass m If needed, perform a damage survey and plan the imaging pattern (s) necessary to fully document the damage May need to sketch the damage area as an aid to planning May need more than one run to fully capture the damage May need to take photos from different altitudes and angles Reassess your fuel status and plan a refueling stop if needed Update Mission Base on your new sortie time assumptions
Prepare to Enter the Pattern m Fly at least 1000' AGL during daylight and at least 2000' AGL at night, and no slower than V x m Ensure you re flying slowly enough to allow the Airborne Photographer to get several photos from each angle or side of the imaging pattern (usually 75-80 kts)
Prepare to Enter the Pattern m Check that the camera is on; it may have automatically turned itself off Don t confuse this with the sleep mode where the camera turns off the LCD to conserve power; a quick tap of the shutter, info button or two taps of menu button will wake the camera m The third crewmember readies the Photo Log (CAPF 104b) and/or Recon Sketch Sheet m Secure loose items (e.g., charts) in the cabin and then open the window
Taking Photos m Steady the camera m As the aircraft closely approaches the point where you intend to shoot, begin framing the shot m When you near the shot point, you should prefocus on the target for faster camera response Focus on an object that is currently the same distance away as the target will be once you are lined up (i.e., in the same plane as the target) m Once the target moves into frame, press the shutter button the rest of the way down to take the picture
Taking Photos m Take several photos on each leg of the pattern m Keep the Photo Log keeper aware of what you are shooting It is easier on the log keeper if you tell them when you will be taking several photos per leg On each leg, tell the log keeper the following photos will be taken looking east or looking northeast or looking between the northern-most buildings, then call out shot 1, shot 2,.. This allows the log keeper to quickly and accurately log the photos
Using the Telephoto Lens m Let the zoom improve your position, either by bringing the target a little closer or backing off a bit m Zoom in until you get the frame you want or until the image begins to shake; if the image starts shaking, zoom out until the image becomes steady
CAP Form 104b
Examples of Mistakes m Glare from closed window m Wing included in photo
Examples of Mistakes m Angle and Glare m Strut included in photo
Examples of Mistakes m Lower window sill included
Examples of Mistakes m Strut included
Examples of Mistakes m Haze m Strut included
Examples of Mistakes m Haze
Examples of Mistakes m Focus
Examples of Mistakes m Too far, too much sky
Examples of Mistakes m Wheel (in turn)
Examples of Mistakes m Wing and strut in turn
Examples of Mistakes m Overhead too low
Examples of Mistakes m Overhead too low, too close, wheel
Examples of Mistakes m Overhead holding camera vertically (note the falling away effect) m Too close m Wheel
Examples of Mistakes m Angle too low, not centered
Examples of Mistakes m Overhead not centered
Determine Success or Failure m You must check and make sure you have good photos and GPS data because you don t want to fly all the way back to mission base and then discover that you missed a shot, that your shots weren t framed properly or you don t have coordinates m Review photos in the camera before returning to base m Plan and re-shoot as necessary
After The Sortie m m m m m m Turn off the camera and the tracker Disconnect cables as required Replace the lens cover Make sure you have all your equipment before you leave the aircraft Clean the windows for the next sortie If no more imaging sorties will be flown in the aircraft, replace the aircraft window screw (and bushing or washer) if it was removed for your flight
After the Sortie (cont.) m Transfer your photos to a computer in mission base as soon as possible. Delete bad photos and superfluous photos m Ensure that the photo properties file contains GPS data m Upload photos to a designated Dropbox file, web site, or to the WMIRS sortie as directed by the AOBD m Some mission bases will just have you give them the media card. In this case, transfer images back to the SIM card and be sure to put one of your spare cards back in the camera, check that it is empty, and put the camera back in its bag.
Debrief m Check in with Debriefing Officer, Photo Analyst or AOBD: THE CREW REPORTS AS A TEAM At the mission briefing you would have received a timeframe for sortie deliverables. Remember that time is an important factor in most photo missions Deliver SIM card or report location of uploaded photos; deliver AMOD GPS Photo Tracker Tell how you did your job and what you saw Report whether all photos have GPS data; Photo Analyst may need to use alternative methods to geotag photos Complete CAPF 104, including written description of photo activity and survey results Charge both camera batteries and the AMOD GPS if necessary Account for all components and place in Pelican case
Post-Sortie Photo Processing The mission base Photo Analyst will need to perform a number of steps to complete the photo sorties 1.Create computer files to transfer sortie deliverables a. Title should be the name, date and other mission description b. Create computer subfolders 1) Raw photos 2) GPS track 3) Stamped photos 4) KMZ file 2.Transfer photos from camera, SIM card, Dropbox or other location to raw photos file 3.Transfer aircraft track from tracker, Dropbox or other location to GPS track folder
4. Using RoboGeo: Post-Sortie Photo Processing (cont.) a) Start RoboGeo b) Skip step #1 c) Step #2 import photos from raw photos computer folder d) Step #3 Import tracklog file from GPS track computer folder. Save project e) Step #4 Stamp the location data onto the photos. Save to the mission folder. Do not specify north arrows unless the crew can provide info for each photo. Wait approx. one minute for RoboGeo to complete f) Step #4 cont. - export to Google Earth create KMZ file, then close
Airborne Photography Training and Evaluation Beginning April 1 and through the end of April there will be funded training sorties for aircrew to practice aerial photo techniques. Each training sortie must meet the requirements of USAF/CAP training exercises, including an evaluation of aerial photographs and flight tracks. mclass attendees need to team up in two or three man crews and contact a designated FRO/Photo Mission Manager for a mission assignment. meach class attendee will be given a sortie to deliver mission deliverables as a photographer 1. Geotagged photos using the Nikon D90 or similar DSLR 2. Output file from the AMOD AGL 3080 tracker 3. Upload to a designated Dropbox file
Airborne Photography Training and Evaluation (cont.) m The FRO/Mission Manager will assign several targets to be photographed and geotagged as a mission objective. The targets will be in the general vicinity of the crew s takeoff airfield. m The minimum deliverables to satisfy USAF/CAP training funding requirements are: Photographs of the proper target Each photo geotagged to the photo EXIF header with correct latitude/longitude GPS track of the flight Written photo log that correlates to the photos delivered, uploaded in PDF format All items uploaded to a designated Dropbox location
Airborne Photography Training and Evaluation (cont.) m The crew will be graded on the following parameters: 1. Quality of photos (distance, framing, angle, focus, exposure) - 20pts 2. Number of photos with EXIF GPS coding - 30pts 3. Accuracy of EXIF coding (proper lat/long) - 20pts 4. Time needed to deliver photos to Dropbox folder 30pts 5. All sortie deliverables provided (photos, GPX file, manual log) 20 pts m Photographers will be debriefed by the evaluator and grades will be reported to the WAWG Director of Operations for documentation of training completed
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2204: Discuss consideration variables to Imagine Composition and Compose an Image o Composition Focal point main subject of an image; deliver what the customer wants Rule of Thirds sweet spots are the four corners where the lines intersect; place a subject in any of these corners Fill the frame Target should fill the frame but be < 75% of frame No parts of aircraft in picture Frame the target with minimal zoom
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2201: Discuss Digital Camera Features o Two types of zoom o Optical zoom glass lens forms the image through a range of magnification o Digital zoom zoom performed by camera software o Larger image than can be produced by a physical glass lens o Viewfinder will not frame image, must use camera LCD to frame photo o Not recommended because more difficult to control and poorer image o Viewfinders generally show 85 95% of actual image o LCD screens make poor viewfinders; faster battery drain o Deleting images usually several ways to accomplish o Button on rear of camera o Camera menu option o Format SD card
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2201: Discuss Digital Camera Features (cont.) o Media card corruption many ways o Turning off camera before image completely written to card o Removing SD card before image completely written to card o Removing SD card while reading from a computer o Formatting SD card on a computer instead of in the camera o Taking photos with weak batteries o Continually shooting and deleting images when the card is full o Exposing SD cards to strong electrical currents (e.g. airport x-ray scanners o Others
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2201: Discuss Digital Camera Features (cont.) o Compression forms o Lossless compression generally large files after extraction by WinZip, PKZIP, etc. otif oraw o Lossy compression some information discarded to reduce file size after extraction ojpeg usually adequate for CAP o EXIF Exchangeable Image File shutter speed, aperture, date, time, latitude/longitude, altitude, etc. may be recorded to the photo file to be read by various Web browsers, photo editors, etc. This is what allows CAP photos to be geotagged o Two ways to geotag real-time and post-processing
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2202: Select Camera Settings o Light interacts with a light-sensitive photo-receptor CCD Charge Coupled Device CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor o ISO Camera s sensitivity to light; higher numbers are more sensitive o Shutter speed CAP recommends 1/250 th second o Aperture also known as F-Stop o Exposure lock press shutter release down halfway o Camera focuses o Sets the exposure o Viewfinder indication and often an aural tone o Press the shutter down the rest of the way to release shutter
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2202: Select Camera Settings (cont.) o Modes Automatic point and shoot, compromise of all parameters Program User selects either aperture or shutter speed Manual User selects all photo parameters Shutter priority software will vary aperture any ISO setting Aperture priority software will vary shutter and ISO setting Scene modes portrait, sports, nighttime, beach, landscape, etc. camera varies aperture, shutter speed and other parameters based on software program
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2202: Select Camera Settings (cont.) o Delay between shots as camera performs various procedures Charge the sensor, copy image to RAM, compress the image, write the image to SD card, reset camera settings o Resolution pixels capture light, greater number of pixels increases resolution o Quality different from resolution; usually refers to amount of compression used to create image; RAW is highest quality but eats up memory and usually not needed for CAP; use JPEG o Histogram graph of photo brightness levels from left to right; can be seen in viewfinder or LCD after picture is taken beyond the scope of this ground training
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2203: Keeping the Camera & Accessories & GPS System Mission Ready o Lens cap on when not is use o Batteries charged and spares handy; do not leave in charger; remove batteries from camera when not in use; do not mix NiMH, Nicad, lithium or alkaline o Media cards formatted, spares available o UV filter o Store in hard case or bag
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2218: Synchronize Camera Clock and GPS Time Verify Start of Tracking o Most GPS trackers set their internal clock to GPS time. o Most cameras set their clock to whatever time the user specifies o Cameras with internal, hot-shoe GPS or Blue Tooth connected GPS trackers allow the user to choose o A five second difference between the camera time and GPS time equals approximately 733 feet at 90 knots. A 9 second difference is approximately ¼ mile
Specialty Qualification Training AP Airborne Photographer m Task O-2208: Describe Imaging Patterns and Communications o Patterns 4-Square Imaging Bird s Eye (Overview or Look Down Circling Pattern 45 degree Angle o Duties of pilot, observer and third crewmember split between flying, navigation, communications, photo taking and log recording