DESIGN OF INTEGRATED FILTER-ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS NOOR AZIAN BINTI JONO UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

DESIGN OF INTEGRATED FILTER-ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS NOOR AZIAN BINTI JONO UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

ii Tajuk Projek : Sesi Pengajian UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II DESIGN OF INTEGRATED FILTER-ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS. : 1 3 / 1 4 Saya NOOR AZIAN BINTI JONO Mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan adalah hak milik UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. Sila tandakan ( ) : SULIT* *(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktubdi dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Tarikh:.. Tarikh:..

iii DECLARATION I hereby, declare that this report is the results of my own work except for quotes as citied in the references. Signature : Author s Name : NOOR AZIAN BINTI JONO Date :

iv APPROVAL I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication) With Honours. Signature : Supervisor s Name : DR. ZAHRILADHA BIN ZAKARIA Date :

Dedicated to my beloved family especially my parents, supervisor, lecturers, all my friends. v

vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, praise to Allah S.W.T., the Almighty God, for blessing me with good health, lots of patience, and the strength to finish this Final Year Project (FYP) in time and successfully. Thank you, Abah and Ibu for being so understanding with all the work loads. I really appreciated all your encouragement, love and support all this while to me. My greatest appreciation and thank you goes to my supervisor, Dr. Zahriladha bin Zakaria who has been providing me knowledge and also helping me in completing this final year project. I really appreciated all your kindness, inspirational ideas, suggestion and motivations that make me perform to my very best of my abilities. I would also like to extend my sincerest thanks to Sam Weng Yik for giving me permission to work and make improvement based on his previous project. To all my lecturers and friends, thanks to all your support and help directly or indirectly. Thank You.

vii ABSTRACT This report presents the design and development of an integrated rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter, which utilizes cascaded techniques. The reduction of the overall design size in front-end subsystems as well as in manufacturing cost was contributed by integrated method. As starting point in developing processes, the basic concept of filter with the characteristics of the circuit transformation of low pass prototype network for filter, antenna and integrated filter and antenna was applied. Then, next procedure applying Chebyshev band pass for filter, antenna and integrated filter and antenna at selected frequency based on single- and dual-band. The final design process were developed using planar structure based on T- shape resonator filter and rectangular patch antenna. Integrated method using coupling technique was developed in order to combined T-shape resonator filter and rectangular patch antenna. There are two software were used in design and development of integrated rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter. It is Advanced Design System (ADS) software, and CST Studio Suite software. All designs in this project were simulated, manufactured and measured. The experimental result has shown good results with the simulated results. The reduction of the overall size, low in cost, ease to fabricate and the use of standard printed circuit board process were main benefits of integrated rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter. This prototype of microwave filters is suitable and is an alternative solution for WLAN applications without an addition of external common impedance network on the systems. A study for integrated of filter-antenna with dual-band for 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz wireless local area (WLAN) is presented. The proposed integrated antenna system will be consists of a rectangular with notch dual-band and a microstrip dual-band T-shape resonator low pass filter. As expected to be final result, it should capable to provide wider bandwidth, good selectivity, high suppression in the stop band and directional radiation patterns within the two interested frequency band.

viii ABSTRAK Laporan ini membentangkan reka bentuk dan pembangunan integrasi antena tampalan segi empat tepat dan penapis penyalun bentuk-t yang menggunakan kaedah lata. Pengurangan saiz keseluruhan rekabentuk dan kos pembuatan dalam bahagian depan sistem subdi sumbangkan oleh kaedah integrasi. Sebagai satu titik permulaan, konsep asas penapis dengan ciri-ciri transformasi litar rangkaian prototaip untuk penapis laluan rendah, antena dan integrasi penapis dan antena telah diaplikasikan. Selepas itu, prosedur seterusnye mengaplikasikan lulus jalur untuk penapis Chebyshev, antena dan integrasi penapis dan antena pada frekuensi yang dipilih berdasarkan tunggal- dan dwi-jalur. Proses rekabentuk terakhir telah dibangunkan dengan menggunakan struktur satah berasaskan penapis penyalun bentuk-t dan antena tampalan segiempat tepat. Kaedah integrasi menggunakan teknik gandingan telah dibangunkan untuk gabungkan penapis penyalun bentuk-t dan antena tampalan segiempat tepat. Terdapat dua perisian yang telah digunakan dalam reka bentuk dan pembangunan integrasi penyalun bentuk-t penapis dan penapis antena lulus jalur. Ia adalah perisian Advance System Design (ADS) dan perisian CST Studio Suite. Semua reka bentuk dalam projek ini telah disimulasikan, dihasilkan dan diukur. Keputusan eksperimen telah menunjukkan keputusan yang baik dengan simulasi yang telah dilakukan. Pengurangan saiz keseluruhan reka bentuk, kos yang rendah, fabrikasi yang mudah dan menggunakan proses biasa papan litar yang bercetak adalah manfaat utama integrasi antenna tampalan segiempat tepat dan penapis penyalun bentuk-t. Prototaip penapis gelombang mikroini adalah sesuai dan penyelesaian alternatif untuk aplikasi WLAN tanpa rangkaian impedans luaran yang biasa di dalam sistem. Pembelajaran untuk integrasi penapis antenna dengan dwi-jalur untuk 2.4 GHz dan 5.8 GHz WLAN telah ditunjukkan. Cadangan system integrasi antenna akan mengandungi segiempat tepat dengan takuk dwi-jalur dan penapis jalurmikro dwi-jalur penyalun bentuk-t. Keputusan yang dijangkakan, sepatutnya ia berkebolehan untuk menyediakan jalur lebar yang lebih lebar, pemilihan yang bagus, penindasan yang tinggi dalam jalur henti dan bentuk radiasi berarah di dalam dua frekuensi jalur yang dikehendaki.

ix CONTENTS CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE(S) PROJECT TITLE BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN DECLARATION APPROVAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATION i ii iii iv v vii viii ix xii xv xvi 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1 1.3 OBJECTIVE 2 1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT 2 1.5 METHODOLOGY 3 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 4 2 LITERATURES REVIEW 2.1 Background 5 2.1.1 Basic Concept of Antenna 7 2.1.2 Basic Concept of Filter 7 2.2 Lowpass Prototype Network 10 2.3 Lowpass to Bandpass Circuit Transformation 11

x 2.4 Resonant Circuit Theory of Filter 13 2.4.1 Single-Mode Filter 13 2.4.2 Dual-Mode Filter 15 2.5 Resonant Circuit Theory Antenna 17 2.5.1 Single-mode Antenna 17 2.5.2 Dual-mode Antenna 18 2.6 Resonant Circuit Theory of Integrated Filter and Antenna. 19 2.6.1 Integrated Filter and Antenna (Single-mode) 19 2.6.2 Integrated Filter and Antenna (Dual-mode) 20 2.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna 21 2.7.1 Introduction 21 2.7.2 Overview of Microstrip Patch Antenna 22 2.8 Review of Integrated Microwave Filter and Antenna 23 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Design Specifications 26 3.3 Ideal Circuit Design 26 3.4 Physical Layouts 28 3.4.1 Evolution proposed of Filter-antenna design 28 3.4.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (Design A) 30 3.4.3 T-Shape Resonant Filter (Design B) 33 3.4.4 Design of Single-Mode Filter-Antenna (Design C) 34 3.4.5 Design of Dual-Mode Filter-Antenna (Design D) 35 3.5 Simulation Process 36 3.6 Fabrication Process 37 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Single-mode antenna 38 4.1.1 Rectangular microstrip patch antenna 2.4GHz 38 4.1.2 Rectangular microstrip patch antenna 5.8GHz 39 4.2 Single-mode T-Shape Resonator filter 40 4.2.1 Filter for 2.4GHz 40

xi 4.2.2 Filter for 5.8GHz. 41 4.3 Second-Order Chebyshev Bandpass Filter Prototype for lump element. 42 4.4 T-shape resonator filter. 44 4.5 Integrated Filter-antenna (single-mode). 45 4.6 Integrated Filter-antenna (Dual-mode) 46 4.7 Measurement Result. 47 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion 53 5.2 Future Work 54 REFERENCES 55

xii LIST OF FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE(S) 1.1 Project Flowchart 3 2.1 Distribution of frequency spectrum in wireless communication system. 6 2.2 Block diagram of the RF front end of wireless communication systems in the base station. 6 2.3 Ideal Response of Different Type of Filters 9 2.4 The frequency response of the filter in Ω. 10 2.5 Lowpass to Bandpass Circuit Transformation (a) Lowpass response (b) Bandpass response. 13 2.6 Bandpass Transformation for: (a) an inductor, (b) a capacitor. 13 2.7 Lowpass prototype of single-mode filter 14 2.8 Equivalent circuit of single-mode bandpass filter 14 2.9 Lowpass prototype of dual-mode filter 16 2.10 Equivalent circuit of dual-mode bandpass filter 16 2.11 Lowpass prototype of single-mode antenna 17 2.12 Equivalent circuit of single-mode antenna 18 2.13 Lowpass prototype of dual-mode antenna 18 2.14 Equivalent circuit of dual-mode antenna 18 2.15 Lowpass prototype equivalent circuit of integrated second order filter/antenna. 19 2.16 Equivalent circuit of integrated second order filter/antenna. 20 2.17 Lowpass prototype equivalent circuit of dual-mode filter/antenna. 21 2.18 Integrated equivalent circuit filter/antenna (dual-mode). 21

xiii 2.19 Microstrip Patch Antenna. (a) Rectangular Patch. (b) Circular Patch 22 2.20 Layout of Integration of pass-band filters in patch antennas 24 2.21 Design Prototype 24 3.1 Rectangular microstrip patch antenna in form of low-pass equivalent circuit. 27 3.2 Circuit of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna (a) Single-mode, (b) Dual-mode. 27 3.3 Circuit of the microstrip d T-shape resonator filter (a) Single-mode, (b) Dual-mode. 27 3.4 Evolution of integrated filter-antenna design from (a) antenna without coupling line, (b) antenna with coupled line, (c) single-mode filter-antenna, (d) side view filter-antenna, (e) Physical layout coupled line, (f) conversion ideal circuit to T-shape resonator filter layout and (g) Dual-band filter-antenna. 29 3.5 Geometry of Rectangular patch Antenna. 30 3.6 Basic measurement T-shape resonator filter. 33 3.7 Geometry of Single-mode Filter-Antenna. 34 3.8 Geometry of Dual-mode Filter-Antenna 35 3.9 Flowchart of Fabrication Process 37 4.1 Rectangular microstrip patch antenna 2.4GHz 39 4.2 Result of antenna 2.4GHz. 39 4.3 Rectangular microstrip patch antenna 5.8GHz 40 4.4 Result of antenna 5.8GHz. 40 4.5 Layout of T-Shape Resonator filter for 2.4GHz. 41 4.6 Result of BandPass Filter at 2.4GHz. 41 4.7 Layout of T-Shape Resonator filter for 5.8 GHz. 42 4.8 Result of BandPass Filter at 5.8 GHz. 42 4.9 Circuit simulation Bandpass Filter Prototype 43 4.10 Result of BandPass Filter 43 4.11 Circuit simulation of T- Shape Resonator filter. 44 4.12 Result of T- Shape Resonator filter. 44

xiv 4.13 Circuit representation of a single-mode integrated rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter. 45 4.14 Simulated results of the integrated single-mode rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter. 46 4.15 Circuit representation of a dual-mode filter-antenna. 46 4.16 Simulated results of integrated dual-mode rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter. 47 4.17 Manufacturing integrated dual-mode rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter (a) Front View, (b) Back view. 48 4.18 Measurement setup on DUT using VNA 48 4.19 Measured results of integrated dual-mode rectangular patch antenna and T-shape resonator filter. 49 4.20 Graph comparison between the simulated and measured return loss (S11) versus frequency. 49 4.21 Simulation three dimension radiation pattern of the filter-antenna. 50 4.22 Simulation two dimension radiation pattern of the filter-antenna. 51 4.23 Comparison radiation pattern of the filter-antenna. (Solid lines: simulation. ; Dashed lines: measurement). 51

xv LIST OF TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE(S) 2.1 Summary of evolution Integrated Filter-antenna 23 3.1 Design specification Filter and antenna 26 3.2 Dimension of Antenna. 31 3.3 Dimension of physical layout filter 33 3.4 Dimension of physical layout single mode filter-antenna 35 3.5 Optimize dimension Dual-band filter-antenna. 36 4.1 Summaries of the simulation and the measurement result. 52

xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION ADS - Advanced Design System Software EM - Electromagnetic TE - Transverse Electric TEM - Transverse Electromagnetic TM - Transverse Magnetic TX - Transmit AUT - Antenna Under Test CST - Computer Simulation Technology db - Decibel GHz - Gigahertz RF - Radio Frequency RL - Return Loss RX - Receiver VNA - Vector Network Analyzer WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network in a specific range of frequency. In order to gives comfortable and compactness in wireless communication system, both filter and antenna are need designed together. To achieve this purpose, both filter and antenna must meet perfectly the requirement which is get optimum desired return loss for both elements by using suitable impedance matching. The concept of integration filter and antenna combine together into one module is to reduce the overall size of element and to improve the performance which is the transition loss in both elements located in the RF front-end subsystems as shown. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Nowadays technology on the receiver/transmitter diplexer is designed with the filter and antenna in separate modules. In microwave band, this is normally

2 a distributed filter and is implemented using transmission line resonators. The transmission line filters are not compact, and in many applications where size is an issue. This results in a large size and a high cost as well as performance (loss). 1.3 OBJECTIVE The main objectives of the project are as follows: 1) To design dual-mode integrated filter-antenna at frequency 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz that suitable for WLAN applications. 2) To analyze the characteristic of integrated filter-antenna such as S-parameter, radiation pattern, directivity and bandwidth. 3) To fabricate and validate the proposed concept. 1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT The scope of this project is to design for integrated of filter-antenna with dual-band for 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is based on the IEEE 802.11 for WLAN standard. The Filter-antenna is simulated by using software Advanced Design System Software (ADS) for ideal simulation and the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software with the FR4 board. The antenna will be optimized to fulfill the specification and the performance requirements of the Filter-antenna. The compact integrated of filter-antenna is fabricated by using FR4 board with dielectric constant, ε r = 4.6 and tangent loss of substrate, tan δ = 0.019. Besides, the thickness of substrate, h = 1.6mm and thickness and thickness of copper, t = 0.035mm. Chemical etching technique will be used for the fabrication process. After the fabrication of filter-antenna is done, the filter-antenna will be measured by using Antenna Training Kit (TX and RX), FieldFox RF Analyzer, Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and others.

3 1.5 METHODOLOGY The flow chart of this project was as shown in the Figure 1.1. This project was start with the literature review through journals and books in order to identify the aspects that related to the integrated filter-antenna. Before design the integrated filter-antenna, the design process will start with design the single filter, single filter, single filter-antenna and lastly dual-band filter-antenna. Initial stage, the designing are simulate use Agilent advances design system (ADS), the follow simulate by using CST software. After the simulation design for the dual-band filterantenna antenna is done and the result is desirable, the antenna will be fabricated by using FR4 board with chemical etching technique. Next, measurement for the prototype antenna will be done. Start End Literature Review Simulation Antenna fabrication and measurement Optimization Antenna Filter Physical realization Integration Figure 1.1: Project Flowchart

4 1.6 ORGANISATION OF THESIS In this final year project report, the thesis is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 is about the introduction about the dual-band filter-antenna antenna for the WLAN application, problem statement, objective, scope of work and methodology. Chapter 2 is covers the background of the basic concept of antenna and filter. Then, discuss about concept lowpass prototype network and how to transform to bandpass circuit. The resonant circuit of this design procedure also discuss here from the single filter and antenna, dual filter and antenna, single-mode integrated filter-antenna, and last dual-mode integrated filter-antenna. Also, some overview of microstrip patch antenna and review of integrated microwave filterantenna is discussed. Chapter 3 is discussed about the methodology of this project. The design can classify into three parts, which are single filter and single antenna, single integrated filter-antenna and dual-mode integrated filter-antenna. FR4 board is used in order to design a dual-mode integrated filter-antenna. The design process that involved for the design of dual-mode integrated filter-antenna is included calculations and parametric study. The simulation, fabrication and measurement process are discussed in this chapter. Next, Chapter 4 is about the result and the discussion for the result that obtained from the simulation or measurement. In Chapter 5, the conclusion of this project will be discussed and a few suggestions for future work to the dual-mode integrated filter-antenna are proposed.

5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is discussed on the literature review for the topic of design of integrated filter-antenna for wireless communication. Firstly, the background of the integrated filter-antenna that discussed by compared with the conventional separated antenna and filter systems. Then, the basic antenna parameters also discussed in this chapter, which included radiation pattern, bandwidth, return loss, directivity, and bandwidth have been highlighted in this chapter. 2.1 Background A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network in range of frequency as shown in Figure 2.1. In order to gives comfortable and compactness in wireless communication system, both filter and antenna are need designed together. To achieve this purpose, both filter and antenna must meet perfectly the requirement which is get optimum desired return loss for both elements by using suitable impedance matching.

6 The concept of integration filter and antenna combine together into one module is to reduce the overall size of element and to improve the performance which is the transition loss in both elements located in the RF front-end subsystems as shown in Figure 2.2. There have been numerous studies of literature about the evolution of filterantenna from the single-mode until to dual-band applications. Therefore, many method had been apply which presented by [1][2][3], it using edge-fed gap-coupling mechanism to produce single-mode filter-antenna. In addition, there a design filter-antenna using coplanar wave guide (CPW) has been presented in [4] to improve band-edge selectivity and good stop-band suppression. In [5] it implements filter-antenna as system-on package (SOP), by using this concept it able to support higher frequency up to 66 GHz, also can provide high gain, and fan-beam radiation pattern. Figure 2.1: Distribution of frequency spectrum in wireless communication system. TX filter power amplifier up-converter TX antenna RX filter low noise amplifier downconverter RX RX/TX diplexer Figure 2.2: Block diagram of the RF front end of wireless communication systems in the base station.

7 2.1.1 Basic Concept of Antenna Antenna is an electrical device that able to coverts electric power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa. These devices use to transmit and receive electromagnetic wave. Typically, most antennas are resonant devices which to handle efficiently under specific given narrow frequency band [15]. 2.1.2 Basic Concept of Filter Filter is the most importance components in a huge variety of electronic systems, such as satellite communications, cellular radio, satellite communications, radar and etc. Filter work to emphasize the received signal in certain frequency ranges and reject signals that out of frequency range. Its means only interested signal frequency that can pass through the filter response for example in radio base station, satellite communications and radar systems [6]. Moreover, filters are required to have different specifications (such as return loss, insertion loss, bandwidth, as well as frequency range) which depend on the need of certain applications. However, to design filter the network synthesis is needed as a tool in designing processes. From network synthesis, it can provides the designer with a prototype network is transformed into a variety of microwave networks by using the most suitable transmission line which typically uses stripline, microstrip, coaxial resonator, or waveguide [7].

8 In order to design microwave filter, there have been several developed over the last few decades, most of the design procedures for microwave filters are still based on Cohn s paper [8]. There are three steps in order to design microwave filter which are: 1) Begin with common mathematical models, and then an equivalent circuit prototype is designed. 2) After that, covert the prototype elements into real filter structure, by estimates are calculated for the physical layout of the filter dimension. 3) Lastly, get optimize value on the filter response by the physical layout. In this case, inductors, capacitors and resistors are remaining as passive elements. [9] The basic ladder filters that are normally used can be dividing into 4 types [10]: i. Butterworth filters; ii. Chebyshev filters; iii. Elliptical filters; iv. Linear phase filters. There is another type of filter which called as Quasi-elliptic filter, is the combine features of elliptical and Chebyshev filters. The advantages of this type of filter are better selectivity rather than Butterworth and Chebyshev. In term of loss and attenuation, Butterworth and Chebyshev is good. In addition, it is easier to synthesize than elliptic. Four types of filters that can be designed based on the ladder filter are lowpass filter, highpass filter, bandpass filter and bandstop filter. Figure 2.3 shows the response of each prototype filter in an ideal condition.