CARLETON UNIVERSITY Department of Systems and Computer Engineering SYSC4700 Telecommunications Engineering Winter 2016 Term Exam 10 February 2016 1. NO CELL PHONES. Closed-book exam (with one-page aid-sheet). 2. Write answers in the spaces provided on the question sheet. 3. 5 pages including this cover page. 4. Duration: 75 minutes Name: Student Number: Question Mark Max possible mark 1 110 2 40 3 40 Total 190 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS: Received power: P RX = P TX + G TX PL + G RX (db scale) Received power: P RX = P TX G TX G RX /PL (linear scale) Noise power: P N = k T B F Watts (linear scale) where k = 1.38 x 10-23 (Boltzmann s constant); T = 273+ C Noise power: P N = - 228.6 + 10log 10 (273 + C ) + 10log 10 (B) + F dbw (db scale) where C: temp. in degrees centigrade; B: bandwidth in Hz; F: noise figure SNR = P RX - P N (db scale) SNR in linear: P RX /P N (linear scale) Free space path loss: FSPL = (4πd/λ) 2 (linear scale) FSPL = -147.6 + 20 log 10 (f) + 20 log 10 (d) (db scale) where frequency f is in Hz and distance d is in m. PL is terrestrial radio links: PL = A + 20 log 10 (f) + 10n log 10 (d) where n (>2) is the propagation exponent.
Question 1 Short Questions [110 points] a) [5 pts] Briefly explain why the concept of "dynamic routing" is used in telephone networks. The distributed nature of telephone networks and traffic randomness result in the usage of dynamic routing by finding the optimal paths along the network to minimize the congestion probability. b) [5 pts] Who is the engineer/mathematician known as the father of information theory? Claude E. Shannon c) [5 pts] What does power spectral density (power spectrum) describe? It describes how the average power is distributed with respect to frequency. d) [5 pts] In analog-to-digital conversion through the PCM approach, no matter how carefully the PCM parameters are chosen, there is always an irrecoverable loss of information during a particular operation. What is that operation? Quantization e) [10 pts] What is the bit rate used to transmit digital voice, in wireless cellular networks (approximate value)? ~ 10 kbit/sec in wired telephone networks? 64 kbit/sec in CD quality (approximate value)? ~ 1 Mbps (1,411,200 bits/sec) f) [5 pts] Define spectral efficiency. SE = Rate/Bandwidth: The no of the bits transmitted per second in a 1 Hz channel [bit/sec/hz] g) [10 pts] How many dbs should the SNR be increased in order to increase the spectral efficiency from m to m+1 (use Shannon's formula, and assume that SNR is high)? High SNR SE = log 2 (SNR) m = log 2 (SNR old ) m+1 = log 2 (SNR new ) log 2 (SNR new ) - log 2 (SNR old ) = 1 log 2 (SNR new / SNR old ) =1 SNR new = 2*SNR old 3 db increase h) [10 pts] In a wireless system, the path loss is given as PL = -150 + 20 log 10 (f) + 35 log 10 (d). Assume that the carrier frequency in this system is increased from 800 MHz to 2.4 GHz. What will be the impact on the following (decrease or increase by how much): wavelength: decrease by 3 times speed of light: no change path loss: increase by 9.54 times ~ 10 db 2
i) [5 pts] The noise power in a 10 MHz channel centered at 5.4 GHz is measured as -98 dbm. How much will the noise power be in a 10 MHz channel centered at 900 MHz. -98 dbm j) [10 pts] The noise power in a channel is measured as -103 dbm when the temperature is 20 O C. How many dbs will the noise power increase or decrease when the temperature increases to 25 O C? N=10log 10 (273 + 25) -10log 10 (273 + 20) =0.073 db increase k) [10 pts] DVB-C2 (Digital Video Broadcasting -- Cable) is a European standard for the broadcast transmission of digital television over cable networks (approved in 2009). The future extensions of this standard will allow modulation levels up to 65536-QAM. At such a modulation level, what will be the bit rate in an 8 MHz channel. log 2 (65536) = 16 bits per symbol 16 [bit/symbol] * 8 10 6 [symbol/sec] =128 Mbit/sec l) [10 pts] What do the following acronyms stand for? ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line PCM: Pulse Coded Modulation FTTH: Fiber to the Home What is the popular acronym for the 4G wireless standard? LTE, LTE-A m) [5 pts] Who invented telegraph, in which century? Inventor: Samuel Morse Century: 19 th n) [15 pts] The data rate can be calculated as R = n B SE [bits/sec], where n is the MIMO gain, SE is the spectral efficiency [bits/sec/hz], and B is the bandwidth [Hz]. In a wireless system these parameters are given as follows: n = 100, B = 300 MHz @ 1 GHz carrier, SE = 30 bits/sec/hz. Calculate R using the above values. Discuss how realistic the given n, W, and SE values are (justify your answer). R = n B SE [bits/sec] =100*3*10 8 *30 = 9*10 11 = 900 Gbits/sec n: Unrealistically high @ device B: BW cannot be more than about 10% of the carrier SE: Unrealistically high 3
Question 2 [40 marks] ADC and TDM Hierarchy A PCM-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for voice uses the following specifications: The ADC captures the detail in the voice signal up to 15 khz. 256 levels are used for quantization. Consider a time-division multiplexing scheme (TDM) which combines the digital output from users whose analog data is digitized through the above described ADC scheme. A TDM frame consists of samples from 12 users plus 2 bits for synchronization purposes. Next, 20 of the above described frames are combined together, another 6 bits are added for synchronization, and thus a super-frame is formed (note that each frame in a super-frame carries data from different sets of users). Calculate the required line speed to transmit these super-frames. Super-frame length: [(8 bits/user * 12 users + 2 bits) * 20] + 6 bits = 1966 bits Frame-duration: 1/30000 sec Line speed = Frame length/frame duration = 30000 * 1966 = 58.98 10 6 bits/sec ~ 59 Mbits/sec 4
Question 3 [40 marks] Link Budget Consider a cellular user who is walking towards one BS (base station) to another, denoted as BS A and BS B, which are 100 meters apart. The path loss between the user and the BSs is given as PL = 105 + 10n log 10 (d) db, where n is the propagation exponent. The transmit power of both BSs is the same; however the n values are different: n A = 2 and n B = 4. At what point, the received signal powers from both BSs will be the same? (That is, when the received powers are the same, how far will the user be away from BS A?) PL A =PL B 105 + 10*2*log 10 (d) = 105 + 10*4*log 10 (100-d) log 10 (d) = 2*log 10 (100-d) d = (100-d) 2 d 2-201d + 10000 = 0 d = 90.5m 5