MWA Ionospheric Science Opportunities Space Weather Storms & Irregularities (location location location) John Foster MIT Haystack Observatory

MWA Ionospheric Science Opportunities Space Weather Storms & Irregularities (location location location) John Foster MIT Haystack Observatory

Storm Enhanced Density: Longitude-specific Ionospheric Redistribution during Storms SED EIA Equatorial Depletion SED

Plasmasphere & Ring Current

GPS samples the ionosphere and plasmasphere to ~20,000 km. Dual-frequency Faraday Rotation Observations give TEC (Total Electron Content) Hundreds of Ground-Based Receivers ~30 satellites in High Earth Orbit TEC is a measure of integrated density in a 1 m 2 column 1 TEC unit = 10 16 electrons m -2 TEC Sampled Continuously along Each Satellite- Receiver Path

10:00 UT 29 Oct 2003 MWA @ 18 SLT Enhanced TEC @ 35 MagLat 22:00 UT 29 Oct 2003 USA @ 18 SLT

Ionospheric Nomenclature South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (BRAZIL)

Conjugate TEC Enhancement in the American Sector TEC enhancement poleward of EIA forms as equatorial TEC decreases near dusk, as Dst is decreasing Evolution of Enhancement in Conjugate hemispheres is closely similar Residual enhancement persists (approximate corotation) ) over Caribbean & conjugate region Enhancement is seen at base of SED/plasmasphere erosion plume Magnetic and Geographic characteristics at the MWA site are similar to those associated with the Caribbean TEC enhancement

Conjugate TEC Enhancement Persists in American Sector

TEC Increases in Magnetically Conjugate Regions as Dusk Terminator Crosses SAA in Eastern Brazil

GPS Map of TEC July 15, 2000 22:15 UT Plumes & Blobs of Storm-Enhanced Density Sweep across Mid Latitudes SAPS Enhancement and Poleward Expansion of Equatorial Anomaly

Upward/Southward Velocity (m/s)

Enhancement Imaged from Ground (GPS TEC) & Space (IMAGE FUV)

10:00 UT 29 Oct 2003 MWA @ 18 SLT Enhanced TEC @ 35 MagLat 22:00 UT 29 Oct 2003 USA @ 18 SLT

Are Similar Effects Seen over MWA?

TEC Enhancement October 29, 2003 Corotating Enhancement in Australian Sector

Enhancement over MWA (18 MLT) is 3x larger than over 111 E MWA

DMSP Observation of Bubble Instability Enhanced TEC @ 140 E SAPS -37 deg MagLat

Persistent TEC Enhancement Forms in NH near Florida

TEC Gradients Spawn Localized Instabilities Severe TEC Gradients along SED Plumes

It is a Chinese multi-station chain along 120ºE to monitor space environment, starting from Mohe, the most northern station in China, through Beijing WuhanGuangzhou and extended to Chinese Zhongshan station in the Antarctic.

No Station Lat. Lon. Types of Observations 01 Mohe 53.5N 122.4E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric (Inv Lat 47; L=2.1) 02 Manzhouli 49.6N 117.4E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric 03 Changchun 44.0N 125.2E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric 04 Beijing 40.3N 116.2E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric, Lidar, MST Radar,, IPS, Cosmic Rays HF Doppler Array, All-sky Airglow ImagerFPI (Inv Lat 32; L=1.4) 05 Xinxiang 34.6N 113.6E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric 06 Wuhan 30.5N 114.6E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric, Lidar, MST RadarHF Doppler Array Meteor Radar (Apex Lat 24; Inv Lat 19; L=1.1) 07 Hefei 33.4N 116.5E Lidar 08 Guangzhou 23.1N 113.3E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric,, Cosmic Rays 09 Hainan 19.0N 109.8E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric, LidarAll All-sky Airglow Imager VHF RadarSounding Rocket (Apex Lat 12) 10 Zhangshan 69.4S 76.4E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric HF RadarAurora (Inv Lat 75) 11 Shanghai 31.1N 121.2E GeomagneticIonospheric 12 Chongqing 29.5N 106.5E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric 13 Qujing 25.6N 103.8E Incoherent Scattering Radar (Apex Lat 19) 14 Chengdu 31.0N 103.7E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric 15 Lhasa 29.6N 91.0E Geomagnetic, Ionospheric

Great Location for Ionospheric Storm Studies Complimentary to Haystack/Arecibo n American Sector Undisturbed Ionosphere (usually) high sensitivity Significant Space Weather Enhancements during Storms Ionospheric Irregularity Studies

Just How Conjugate are the SED Enhancements?? Combine TEC Observations from Ground & Space with MADRIGAL Magnetic-Field Mapping

Topex Satellites Extend Coverage over Oceans

SYM H Index 0 SYM H (nt) 50 100 150 200 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 TEC (TECu) 100 80 60 40 20 Cold Plasma Redistribution 21 UT Brazil 45 W Florida 80 W 0 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 UT (hr) May 29/30, 2003

Mapping TEC with N-S N S American GPS Stations 5-min TEC maps made from American GPS data Evolution of Low and Mid-Latitude Thermal Plasma Distribution Observed TEC Hole Forms over SAA (E Brazil) TEC Piles Up near L=2 at 280 E Longitude Temporal Variation seen at Constant Longitude

GPS Observes Enhancement and Spread of Anomaly Peaks at Edge of SAA

Polarization E Field at Terminator Conductivity Gradient 60 July 15, 2000 21 UT SZA 80 deg @ 300 km 40 Local Ionosphere Sunlit Conjugate Dark Geodetic Latitude 20 0 20 Local Ionosphere Sunlit Conjugate Sunlit Epol Local Ionosphere Dark Conjugate Sunlit Local Ionosphere Dark Conjugate Dark 40 sza >100 deg 60 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Longitude

Localized Enhancements and Depletions of TEC Suggest a Geographic Longitude Dependence for Stormtime Ionospheric Perturbations

SED - TOI

System View: Polar SED Plumes are Conjugate

Multi-Instrument Distributed Observations Characterize the Coupled Ionosphere Magnetosphere System Ionosphere: SED Plume Carries Enhanced TEC into Noontime Cusp Magnetosphere: Drainage Plume Carries Plasmaspheric Material to Dayside Magnetopause

Storm Enhanced Density / Erosion Plumes Carried towards Noon in SAPS Flow Channel GPS TEC Millstone Hill ISR Noon Noon

In Space: Plasmasphere / Ring Current Interactions April 17, 2002 NASA IMAGE SAPS Channel (Merged image courtesy J. Goldstein) Sun Plasmasphere Erosion Plume

Station Distribution

Collaboration Proposal: Extending the MP into Russia

Storm Enhanced Density / Erosion Plumes Carried towards Noon in SAPS Flow Channel GPS TEC Millstone Hill ISR Noon Noon

Sunward Flux in TEC/Plasmasphere Plume March 31, 2001 Ground-Based GPS Maps TEC Plume [Foster et al., GRL 2002] Direct Observation of Velocity and Flux by Millstone Hill ISR