Handbook of Engineering Acoustics
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Gerhard M uller Michael M oser Editors Handbook of Engineering Acoustics
Editors Prof. Dr. Gerhard M uller Technische Universit at M unchen Lehrstuhl f ur Baumechanik M unchen Germany Prof. Dr. Michael M oser Technische Universit at Berlin Institut f ur Technische Akustik Berlin Germany ISBN 978-3-540-24052-5 ISBN 978-3-540-69460-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-69460-1 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945176 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface The editors of the first English edition are firmly committed to the aims and intentions of their predecessors. They would like to express their gratitude to the authors for their very thorough editing work and compilation of new entries. Berlin, Germany Munich, Germany M. M oser G. M uller v
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From the Preface to the Second Edition of the Taschenbuch der Technischen Akustik The Handbook of Technical Acoustics aims to provide a broad audience with a quick and reliable source of information on engineering questions. It is directed not only toward specialists and students of Technical Acoustics, but rather toward engineers in all domains, e.g., mechanical engineering, process engineering, traffic systems or civil engineering, who deal with the topic of noise reduction. In light of the increasing significance of environmental protection, a number of articles cover the generation, transmission, insulation, measurement and assessment of air, and structure borne noise; at the same time, questions pertaining to electroacoustics, roomacoustics and audio-physiology are discussed in detail. Just as in the first edition, in addition to the basics of technical acoustics and associated domains, great emphasis has been placed on including as much information as possible on material data, empirical values, important measurement results, tested approximation formulas, useful reference values, etc. This will help the reader understand the general context, while at the same time providing data required for the solution of practical problems without having to engage in time-consuming studies of the literature. The editors extend their sincere thanks, especially to all of the authors who, alongside their professional work, have committed themselves to the tedious task of presenting their respective fields of specialization in a comprehensive, yet compact format. The editors hope this Handbook of Technical Acoustics will prove to be a useful aid to its readers in their daily work. Berlin, Germany Munich, Germany M. Heckl H. A. M uller vii
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Contents 1 Fundamentals... 1 M. M oser and G. M uller 2 Acoustic Measurements... 23 M. Vorl ander 3 Numerical Acoustics... 53 Bj orn A.T. Petersson 4 The Effects of Sound on Humans... 69 C. Maschke and U. Widmann 5 Noise Emission Assessment... 87 G. H ubner and E. Schorer 6 Sound Propagation Outdoors... 125 L. Schreiber and T. Beckenbauer 7 Sound Insulation in Buildings... 137 K. G osele and E. Schr oder 8 Sound Absorbers... 165 H.V. Fuchs and M. M oser 9 Structure-Borne Sound, Insulation and Damping... 215 G. Muller 10 Room Acoustics... 239 Heinrich Kuttruff and Eckard Mommertz 11 Silencers... 269 U. Kurze and E. Riedel 12 Active Control of Sound and Vibrations... 301 Joachim Scheuren 13 Sound Reinforcement... 335 Harald Frisch 14 Sources of Sound... 353 Ulrich Kurze 15 Road Traffic Noise... 367 Thomas Beckenbauer ix
x Contents 16 Noise and Vibration from Railroad Traffic... 393 R udiger G. Wettschureck, G unther Hauck, Rolf J. Diehl, and Ludger Willenbrink 17 Aircraft Noise... 489 Ulf Michel, Werner Dobrzynski, Wolf Splettstoesser, Jan Delfs, Ullrich Isermann, and Frank Obermeier 18 Construction Noise... 539 Achim B ohm, Olaf-Tobias Strachotta, and Volker Irmer 19 Urban Noise Protection... 557 Michael J acker-c uppers 20 Flow Noise... 577 K.R. Fritz, C.-C. Hantschk, S. Heim, H. N urnberger, E. Schorer, B. St uber, and D. Vortmeyer 21 Ultrasound... 637 H. Kuttruff 22 Vibrations... 651 Johannes Guggenberger and Gerhard M uller Index... 691