RFID-ECE4803 Lecture 2 Prof. Manos M. Tentzeris (etentze@ece.gatech.edu)
Data Rate bit/sec 1G 100M 10M 1M Communication by Applications 802.15.3c mm-wave 802.15.3 UWB WPAN 802.15.1 Bluetooth 802.15.4 ZigBee UWB: Ultra Wide-Band WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network HSPDA(3.5G mobile): High-speed Data Packet WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network Access WMAN: Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWCDMA(3G) : Wideband Code Division Multiple WRAN: Wireless Regional Area Network Access GPRS(2.5G): General Packet Radio Service EDGE(2.5G): Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution GSM(2G): Global System for Mobile Communication 802.11n DVB: Digital Video Broadcast DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast To be used WLAN 802.11a 802.11g 802.11b WiFi HSDPA Mobile WCDMA GPRS/EGDE GSM WMAN 802.16 WiMax Broadcast DVB DAB 10m 100m 1km 10km Being Used WRAN 802.22 Cognitive Radio Coverage Sept.12 2005 by K. Lim, ktlim@ece.gatech.edu
DAB Digital Radio Service. Like XM Communication by Location WCDMA Most popular voice and data comm. for mobile and pedestrian DVB Digital TV for Cellphone user WiMax High WiMax speed data transmission for mobile & pedestrian WLAN Fixed wireless comm. in office/room. 802.11n can support over 200 Mbps 10 Gbps Ethernet Fiber/Copper based high speed last mile wired comm. UWB Wireless HiFi Audio and HD Video transmission HomePNA Phone/Power line for connection of in- house electronics system Bluetooth Control of in-house electronics system ZigBee Sensors, Lights, Security, Doors... HSDPA Next of WCDMA. Higher speed data comm. WRAN Free of spectrum licensing. Data comm. for pedestrian and house.
RFID Operation Scenarios - Aeronautical industry - Pharmaceutical industry - Port security - Airport security and baggage tracking - Automotive industry (tire pressure monitoring sensor system) - Inventory control - Wearable electronics
What is RFID Power Stored data Radio Frequency IDentification is detection of tagged objects from a remote transponder (tag) including an antenna and a microchip transceiver (IC) using a local querying system (reader or interrogator)
RFID to Improve Daily Life Activities
Acrobat Document
RFID History Communication by Means of Reflected Power, by Harry Stockman, Proceedings of the IRE, 1948,
Generic Tag Architecture Write Path Receiver Antenna D S G Memory Protocol Engine
Inductive Coupling Backscatter N Reader TAG Reader TAG S Near field (LF, HF): inductive coupling of tag to magnetic field circulating around antenna (like a transformer) Varying magnetic flux induces current in tag. Modulate tag load to communicate with reader field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R 3 (to first order) Far field (UHF, microwave): backscatter. Modulate back scatter by changing antenna impedance Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R Boundry between near and far field: R = wavelength/2 pi so, once have reached far field, lower frequencies will have lost significantly more energy than high frequencies Absorption by non-conductive materials significant problem for microwave frequencies Source of data: Introduction to RFID CAENRFID an IIT Corporation
1980s-1990s Animal Tracking Automated Vehicle Id
Today s RFID Substrate Die attach Tag IC Antenna
Today s RFID IC Antenna
RFID/Sensor Module Integration Antenna Demodulation Digital Data Digital Logic & MODEM Voltage Multiplier Power EEPROM ADC Modulation Digital data Sensor Ultimate goal: All printed RFID tag (antenna, IC, battery, and sensor) on paper Operating frequency: UHF (900 MHz), RF (2.45 GHz), potentially up to 60 GHz Suggested Module integration: Printed battery on surface Printable sensor technology on surface Surface mounted IC Operation modes Passive Tags: Antenna uses EM power from reader. Semi-Passive Tags: IC uses EM power distribution Sensor uses battery Increased node s lifetime Active tag: IC and sensor utilize battery Increased data range (>100 ft compared to 30 ft in semi-passive) Excellent for harsh environments for their improved S/N
RFID Frequency Bands
Human implantation of RFID tags
Advantages of UHF for Sensing Free Spectrum: US: 420-450 MHz, 902-928MHz Europe: 866-868 MHz At UHF, long read distances achievable compared to LF and HF Better penetration through objects than higher frequencies Higher data rates achievable Better sensing resolution