Ready for RED Radio Equipment Directive Introduction www.rohde-schwarz.com / RED Christian Reimer
Essential Requirements of Radio Equipment Directive Radio equipment shall be so constructed that it both effectively uses and supports the efficient use of radio spectrum in order to avoid harmful interference. Art. 3.2 of Radio Equipment Directive RED demands the efficient use of spectrum, no harmful interference RED requires, that receivers support an efficient use of spectrum. The new harmonized standard versions deal with the receiver s capability to cope with interferers. 2
R&TTE Directive repealed by Radio Equipment Directive R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC RED Directive 2014/53/EU 3
R&TTE Directive repealed by Radio Equipment Directive *) * e.g. Transmit Emission Mask R&TTE Classic Tx Tests Directive 1999/5/EC Classic Tx Tests Typical Receiver Tests and RED Directive 2014/53/EU On Top: Receiver Tests 4
Example Scheme of Transmitter Spectrum Mask Level Spectral Power Density Limit connected with Measurement Bandwidth Classic Test f c Frequency Frequency Offset 5
Interference Mechanism Interferer Victim Frequency Such area can for example be pre-estimated by standardization work groups for typical scenarios. In some standards, this contribution is translated into a level of a single CW interferer signal with a dedicated offset. 6
Receiver under Interference Condition Decrease of Receiver Performance Increase of Interference Level Victim Receiver = receiver under interference conditions: Can the receiver handle the interference and provide with a good performance? Does the receiver ask for retransmission again and again while the already transmitted data is wasted (pure design)? Low BER High BER Does the receiver support for example a HARQ process and therefore asks for re-transmissions only when necessary (advanced design)? RED demands the efficient use of spectrum. RED requires, that receivers support an efficient use of spectrum. The new harmonized standard versions deal with the receiver s capability to cope with interferers. 7
Translation of Interfering Power into a CW Signal Integration of the triangle CW level at given offset This basic approach has been recommended to the standard work groups (technical bodies). 8
Blocking Test Very often with CW Interferer. Victim CW Interferer for Blocking Test Level adjustment through variable attenuator f c Frequency The blocking test is performed by means of a CW interferer level adjustment. The offset from the victim carrier or channel needs to be defined by the standard. The level of the CW interferer to reach a dedicated receiver performance threshold shall be found during the test. Most standards name the interferer position explicitely. The better the blocking, the higher the CW interferer level found during the blocking test. The standards name either a certain minimum receiver performance criterion or a certain receiver performance degradation. 9
Example for modulated Interferer: Blocking Test in EN 303 340 Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcast Receivers Example for DVB-T Wanted signal at at 690 MHz Channel BW 7 MHz for VHF 8 MHz for UHF tests Victim Interferer Modulated Signal: Fully loaded LTE BS signal with 10 MHz BW at 763 MHz Essential Requirement: Check of Receiver Performance. 73 MHz Offset! 10
Challange: Check of Receiver Performance Increase of Interference Level Decrease of Receiver Performance Does the receiver provide an access to demodulated data? Low BER High BER Is there a feedback channel? 11
Receiver Blocking Test Example by ETSI BRAN ETSI TS 103 521 v 1.1.1 12
Blocking Test in EN 301 893: Challenge: Check of Receiver Performance Tasks handled by signaling unit e.g. by CMW270 Wanted Signal Interferer 13
Blocking Test in EN 303 340: Challenge: Check of Receiver Performance Interferer Scednario + Check of Receiver Performance provided by R&S BTC R&S BTC 14
Blocking Test in EN 303 340 Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcast Receivers Example for DVB-T Wanted signal at at 690 MHz Channel BW 7 MHz for VHF 8 MHz for UHF tests Victim Interferer Modulated Signal: Fully loaded LTE BS signal with 10 MHz BW at 763 MHz Essential Requirement: Check of Receiver Performance. 73 MHz Offset! 15
Adjacent Frequency Band Selectivity for GNSS User Equipment Check of Receiver Performance C/N o is reported by the GNSS UE without interferer C/N o maximum degrading by 1 db with interferer (offsets, levels, bandwidth defined by standard) Interferer Example for GPS L1: Source: table 4-2 in EN 303 413. 16
Adjacent Frequency Band Selectivity for GNSS User Equipment Check of Receiver Performance Example: Wanted signal: GPS L1 at 1575.4 MHz Victim Interferer AWGN signal with BW = 1 MHz Degradation of reported C/N 0 < 1 db Around 27 MHz Offset and more depending on test point acc. to table 4-x in EN 303 413 17
Adjacent Frequency Band Selectivity for GNSS User Equipment Check of Receiver Performance Wanted Signal e.g. GPS L1 C/N 0 metric AWGN signal with BW = 1 MHz Setup in EN 303 413 for conducted measurement 18
Pool of Test Methods Harmonised Standards with reference to Directive 2014/53/EU FCC Requirements Automotive Industry Requirements House Standards (e.g. of chipset manufacturers) National Safety Regulations 3GPP Test Specs ITU and more Pool of Test Methods CAC Receiver Saturation DFS Spurious Emissions Blocking AFA Polite Channel access Adjacent Channel Selectivity Transmitter Emission Mask Out-of-Band Emissions Adaptivity Transmit Power Control Duty Cycle LBT Co-existence Testing Intermodulation by Transmitter Intermodulation by Receiver. and more 19
Adjacent Channel Selectivity Test Victim signal e.g at Sensitivity Level + 3 db Victim CW Interferer Level adjustment until the receiver just provides with sufficient performance Step 1 (no interferer) Level at receiver: High enough so that the receiver just provides with sufficient performance. Increase signal level by e.g. 3 db. f c Offset equal to channel separation Frequency 20
Adjacent Channel Selectivity Example for DVB-T Wanted signal at nominal frequency (modulated) Victim Interferer Modulated Signal: Fully loaded LTE BS signal with 10 MHz BW at 763 MHz Offset equal to Essential Requirement: channel separation Check of Receiver Performance. 21
Adaptivity with Interferer On + Blocker On 22
Manufacturers responsibilities under the RED V1.9.1 weglassen
Essential Requirements: How the Harmonized Standards refer to RED articles 3.x Article 3 of 2014/53/EU Essential Requirements Article 3 of the RED has an umbrella function. Health & Safety (art. 3.1a) EMC (art. 3.1b) Radio (art. 3.2) Specific (art. 3.3) If the radio equipment complies to an applicable harmonized EMC standard with reference to directive 2014/53/EU then the radio equipment is presumed to be in conformity with the essential requirements set out in article 3.1 b of the RED. If the radio equipment complies to an applicable harmonized standard with reference to directive 2014/53/EU then the radio equipment is presumed to be in conformity with the essential requirements set out in article 3.2 of the RED. 24
Up-to-date Harmonised Standards refer to 2014/53/EU Reference on title page of standard Old versions of Harmonised Standards refer to Directive 1999/5/EC Up-to-date Harmonised Standards refer to Directive 2014/53/EU. EN 3xx xxx Version Number (Date) Chapter / Title / EUT Type 25
Task Sharing within the Cooperation Triangle Legal frame work. Directives. Publishing standards in the Official Journal Member states + MRA states + EFTA states: Market surveillance Committee with deliverables helpful for the technical bodies: spectrum engineering handbook, studies, link scenarios, interferer scenarios, basic test methods, etc. Technical Bodies (work groups) including members of the industry, test houses and regulators are responsible for the definition, the maintainance of harmonised standards and the selection of test methods incl. parameters. 26
RED, Article 4: Information on the Compliance Manufacturer (sole responsible) DoC Precisly identified combination of radio equipment and software Combination of Radio Equipment & Software - Documentation - Test Reports - Solutions adopted to meet the essential requirements - and more Annex VI including dated reference to.. harmonized standard or to other technical specification Conformity Assessment Precondition Art. 17 Result =DoC Notified bodies can be approached for consultance, testing, conformity assessment. NBs must be registered with a number and listed in the NANDO list RED Art. 3 Essential Requirements of Art. 3 are met yes no 27
Declaration of Conformity Manufacturer Name and address Refernce Number EU Declaration of Conformity This declaration is issued under the sole responsibility of the manufacturer We declare, that the product(s) <xyz> is are in conformity with the essential requirements of EU directive(s) Date: Signature 28
List of Notified Bodies 2017-05-08- Downloaded-List-of- NBs-index.pdf External file 29
Market Surveillance by TCAM / ADCO The last ADCO report has been a summary of the investigations of following 23 members: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom ADCO / TCAM Investigates on random Mismatch? Indication and information exchange between member states Regulators of the EU + EFTA member states Check of test reports, Check of DoCs Purchase of radio equipment Test of radio equipment DoC DUT identification List of applied standards TCAM: Telecommunication Conformity Assessment and Market Surveillance Committee. 3+ meetings per year. ADCO: Group of ADministrative Cooperation ADCO supports and complements work of TCAM. Common data base. 30
List of Typical Test Methods; Keywords 31
Test Methods In order to show conformity with the essential requirements set out in the radio part (in art. 3.2) of the Directive 2014/53/EU (RED) typically following test methods can be applied. The individual harmonized standard specifies technical parameters, limits, etc. where applicable. Summary from H. Mellein, R&S News 215 Non-exhaustive list. 32
Key Words in Relation with Channel Access Mechanisms DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection Capability of EUT (UUT) to detect radar systems and to avoid co-channel operation with such radar systems (typically applicable for 5250 to 5350 MHz and 5470 to 5725 MHz) Channel Availability Check (CAC). Adaptivity (Channel Access Mechanism) Capability to detect the transmissions of other users (not radar systems) operating in the same band. Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) Listen Before Talk Listening Receiver checks channel occupancy If the channel is available Tx On Polite Spectrum Access 33