Reading Skill ANALYZE INDUCTIVE REASONING When you are led from specific evidence to form a general principle, you are following inductive reasoning. That concluding general principle is called a generalization. A conclusion that is too broad to be supported by the evidence is called an overgeneralization. Directions: As you read Carl Sagan s speech, record specificevidence and the conclusion the evidence leads to. Then answer the question that follows. Cannons and rifles killed 51,000 in three days at Gettysburg. General Conclusion General Conclusion Do you think Sagan provides sufficient support for his conclusion about nuclear weapons and security? Explain your reasons. Resource Manager Unit 6 75
Vocabulary Study Directions: As your teacher reads each item, listen for the boldfaced word. Discuss possible meanings of the word and write on the chart what you think the word means. After reading On Nuclear Disarmament, confirm or adjust your definition. 1. A nuclear war would be more destructive than anything the world has known. It could annihilate an entire nation. 2. Fifty thousand soldiers died in the Battle of Gettysburg. Even so, the carnage of that bloody battle does not compare to what could happen in a nuclear war. 3. For decades, the United States and the Soviet Union were rivals. Each of these contending nations tried to build more power nuclear weapons than the other. 4. It was not malice that fed the rivalry. It was fear, rather than hatred, that locked the two nations in the deadly contest. 5. Just as the Civil Warhotair balloons set the stage for later air forces, the atomic bomb was a precursor of nuclear bombs. 6. People wished the United States and Soviet Union would reconcile. However, their distrust of one another prevented any kind of friendship. Vocabulary Word Predicted Meaning Meaning in Selection 1. annihilate 2. carnage 3. contending 4. malice 5. precursor 6. reconcile Resource Manager Unit 6 77
Vocabulary Practice annihilate carnage contending malice precursor reconcile A. Directions: Fill in each blank with the correct word from the box. 1. If you were filled with hatred and spite toward someone, you might say that you had toward him orher. 2. If an enemy is continually trying to destroy you, he might be trying to you. 3. If you witnessed a terrible accident, you might be upset about the you saw. 4. If you heard a rumble of thunder in thedistance, you might call it the to a storm. 5. If you and a classmate were both running for class president, you would be for the same position. 6. If you fought with afriend but wanted to apologize, you could attempt to with the person. B. Writing Option: Imagine that you were a reporter at Gettysburg when Carl Sagan delivered his speech. Writeabrief paragraph explaining his main idea. Use at least two of the words from the box. 78 Unit 6 Resource Manager
Vocabulary Strategy SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY Specialized vocabulary is vocabulary specifically suited to a particular occupation or field of study. For example, engineers and physicists have their own specialized vocabularies. Sododoctors,andsodolawyers. A. Directions: These specialized terms describe types of armaments. Match each one with its definition. Check a dictionary if you need to. 1. artillery 2. TNT 3. repeating rifle 4. nuclear weapon a. firearm capable of firing several times without reloading b. device whose explosive power derives from the release of atomic energy c. large-caliber weapon operated by a crew d. a compound used as a high explosive B. Directions: Use a dictionary to look up each specialized word. Write the occupation or field of study in which it is used. Then write the word s definition. Word Occupation or Field of Study Definition 1. ctenoid 2. doloroso 3. glottal stop 4. jurat 5. ovolo Resource Manager Unit 6 79
Reading Check Directions: Recall the ideas and events from Carl Sagan s speech. Then answer the questions in phrases or sentences. 1. How are nuclear weapons of today different from the weapons of the Civil War? 2. What is the fool s bargain that Sagan says we have made? 3. How will casualties of a thermonuclear war differ from the casualties at Gettysburg? 4. Why doesn t Sagan believe those who say not to worry? 5. What happened when opposing forces of the Civil War met to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Gettysburg? 80 Unit 6 Resource Manager
Question Support CRITICAL ANALYSIS For questions 1 3, see page 600 of the Pupil Edition. Directions: Complete each of the following sentences. 4. Examine a Rhetorical Device When Sagan repeats We have made a fool s bargain, he wants to make the point that 5. Examine an Argument Humans started out in family groups. That expanded to a tribe and to a nation, and now to huge nation-states. If all goes well, it may expand to include 6. Interpret a Statement Sagan thinks that the actions of Civil War veterans at their 50th anniversary were a triumph because the men 7. Analyze Inductive Reasoning Sagan concludes that nuclear weapons threaten One piece of evidence he gives to support his claim is Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company 8. Analyze a Conclusion To prevent nuclear war, I could To prevent nuclear war, my country could 9. Compare Texts Abolishing the Penny Makes Good Sense and On Nuclear Disarmament demonstrate the use of different reasoning techniques. In Abolishing the Penny Makes Good Sense Blinder uses the technique In On Nuclear Disarmament, Sagan uses the technique 10. Evaluate Explanations Sagan made the issue of easier for me to understand by Resource Manager Unit 6 81