Engineering drawing Semester I/II Mechanical Engineering Department Technical University of Gdańsk Lecture 8
Representing Tolerance Values Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits. Tolerance =,3 mm Tolerances are represented as Tolerance Values (A) or as Direct Limits (B).
Important Terms of Toleranced Parts Nominal Size is used to describe the general size of a part. Actual Size is the measured size of the finished part after machining. Engineering dimension drawing Machine part
Important Terms of Toleranced Parts Limits the maximum and minimum sizes shown by the tolerance dimension. The large value on each part is the Upper Limit. The small value on each part is the Lower Limit. Lower deviation = -,2 mm Upper deviation = +,1 mm Tolerance the total allowable variance in a dimension; the difference between the upper and lower limits ot the difference between the upper and lower deviations.
Tolerancing systems Unilateral tolerance system Bilateral tolerance system
Basic hole method Tolerancing systems In this method the hole is considered as the basic size and the size of the shaft is determined by subtracting the allowance from the hole size Allowance intentional difference in the dimensions of mating parts to provide the minimum clearance or the maximum interference which is intended between the parts. Basic shaft method In this method the shaft is considered as the basic size and the size of the hole is determined by subtracting the allowance from the shaft size
Nominal Sizes Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance ISO Tolerance Designation Over To H11 c11 H9 d1 H9 e9 H8 f7 H7 g6 H7 h6 mm mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm.1 mm 3 +6 3 6 + 75-6 -12-7 +25 +3-2 -3-145 -78-5 -22-12 6 1 + 9-8 +36-4 +36-25 +22-13 +15-5 +15-9 The ISO system provides for: 21 types -17 of holes -98 (standard -61-28 -14 1 18 + 11-95 +43-5 +43-32 +27-16 +18-6 +18-11 tolerances) designated by -25-12 -75-34 -17 18 3 + 13-11 +52-65 +52-4 +33-2 +21-7 +21-13 -24 uppercase letters -149 A, B, C, -92 D, E...etc. -41-2 and 3 4 + 16-12 -28 +62-8 +62-5 +39-25 +25-9 +25-16 4 215 types + 16 of -13shafts designated -18-112 by the lower -5 case -25 letters a, -29 5 65 + 19-13 b, c, d, e...etc. -33 +74-1 +76-6 +46-3 +3-12 +3-19 65 8 +19-15 -22-134 -6-34 These letters -34 8 1 +22-17define the position of the tolerance zone -39 +87-12 +87-72 +54-36 +35-12 +35-22 1 12 +22-18 -26-159 -71-34 relative to the nominal size. To each of these types of -4 12 14 +25-2 hole or shaft -45 are applied 16 grades of tolerance, 14 16 +25-21 +1-145 +1-84 +63-43 +4-14 +4-25 -46-35 -185-83 -39 16 18 +25-23 designated by -48 numbers IT1 to IT16. 18 2 +29-24 -53 2 225 +29-26 +115 Example: -55 225 25 +29-28 A hole is -57 specified -3 as: 25 28 +32 28 315 +32 315 355 +36 355 4 +36 4 45 +4 45 5 +4-17 -355 +25 +3 +115-14 -39-2 -1-215 ø3 H7 +14 +18-72 -62 +13-19 +13-19 +13-11 +81-96 +52-17 -33-4 -4-24 -18-49 -65-36 -72 +14-21 +14-135 +89-62 +57-18 +57-36 -4-44 -265-119 -54-76 -44 84 +155-23 +155-135 +97-68 +63-2 +63-4 -48-48 -29-131 -6-85 -6-16 -1-5 -96 +1 - +12 +46-2 -8-4 -15-44 +1 +12 +46-6 -8-29
Tolerancing systems fit types A Clearance Fit occurs when two toleranced mating parts will always leave a space or clearance when assembled. An Interference Fit occurs when two toleranced mating parts will always interfere when assembled. Transition fit A transition fit might be either a clearance or interference fit. That is, a shaft may be either larger or smaller than the hole in a mating part
Tolerancing systems fit types Clearance Fits The largest permitted shaft diameter is smaller than the diameter of the smallest hole Max. Clearance Max. Hole Min. Hole Max. Shaft Min. Shaft Min. Clearance HOLE SHAFT
Tolerancing systems fit types Interference Fits The minimum permitted diameter of the shaft is larger than the maximum diameter of the hole Max. Hole Min. Hole HOLE Max. Shaft Min. Shaft SHAFT Max. Interference Min. Interference Transition Fits The diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater than that of the smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft Max. Hole Min. Hole HOLE Interference or clearance Max. Shaft Min. Shaft SHAFT
Surface roughness The finish of a surface determines its quality as to smoothness, surface marks and the like, whereas tolerance refers to size and position only. Roughness may be defined as the closely spaced surface irregularities produced by machining or grinding operations.
Surface roughness Ra the average arithmetic deviation of a profile from a mean line (roughness value) Parameter R a is a basic parameter. R a values are standardized.
Surface roughness Rz the average maximum height of the profile (It averages the height of the five highest peaks and the depth of the five lowest valleys over the measuring length, using an unfiltered profile ) Parameter R z is an auxiliary parameter. R z values are standardized.
Surface roughness
Surface roughness Process Ra [mm] Turning 1,25-1 Milling 2,5-1 Drilling 5-1 Grinding,16 -,63 Polishing,4 -,16 Machining and surface roughness R a values
Heat treatment and surface treatment Required heat treatment, cementation (carbonizing, hardening) or surface treatment (painting, polishing) are marked over special reference line.
Shape form and positional tolerancing When grater accuracy of form (shape) is required, form tolerances must be specified apart from size tolerances. Such tolerances must naturally always be smaller then size tolerances.
Shape form and positional tolerancing Shape form deviation Straightness tolerance
Shape form and positional tolerancing Positional tolerancing Tolerancja równolegr wnoległości
Shape form and positional tolerancing Radial run - out Perpendicularity Axial run - out