Contents at a Glance Preface Acknowledgments V VII Chapter 1 MIMO systems: Multiple Antenna Techniques Yiqing Zhou, Zhengang Pan, Kai-Kit Wong 1 Chapter 2 Modeling of MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Channels Matthias Pätzold, Bjørn Olav Hogstad, Neji Youssef 29 Chapter 3 Capacity of Multiple Antenna Systems in Rayleigh Fading Channels Kosai Raoof, Nuttapol Prayongpun 53 Chapter 4 Survey Study for MIMO Synchronization Systems Jing Zhang, Li Li, Zhao Si 83 Chapter 5 Antenna Selection in MIMO Systems Jingxu Han 111 Chapter 6 Advances in MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation Franklin Mung au, Kevin Paulson, Kai-Kit Wong 129 Chapter 7 Successive Interference Cancellation Based Signal Detector for Wireless MIMO Communications Lingyang Song, Are HJØRUNGNES 153 Chapter 8 On Capacity of Multi-element Dual-polarized Antenna Systems Nuttapol Prayongpun, Kosai Raoof 173 Chapter 9 Cooperative Systems for Sensor Networks Irfan Ahmed 193 Chapter 10 MIMO Aware Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Qassim Nasir 209 Abbreviations 229 IX
Contents Chapter 1 MIMO Systems: Multiple Antenna Techniques 1.1. Abstract 3 1.2. Literature Review 3 1.3. Space-Time Coding 3 1.3.1. Space-Time Block Coding 4 1.3.2. Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC) 5 1.3.3. Space-Time Turbo/LDPC Codes 6 1.3.4. Differential STC 6 1.4. SIMO 8 1.4.1. Selection Combining 9 1.4.2. Maximum Ratio Combining 9 1.5. MISO 10 1.5.1. Transmit MRC 10 1.5.2. Space Time Coding 10 1.6. MIMO 12 1.6.1. Background Knowledge 12 1.6.2. Dominant Eigenmode 12 1.6.3. Space Time Coding 13 1.6.4. Multiple Eigenmode Transmission 13 1.6.5. Signal Detection in MIMO Systems 15 1.7. Multi-User MIMO 23 1.8. Conclusions 25 References 25 About the Authors 27 Chapter 2 Modeling of MIMO Mobile to Mobile Channels 2.1. Abstract 31 2.2. Introduction 31 2.3. The Geometrical Two-Ring Model 32 2.4. The Reference Model 33 2.4.1. Derivation of the Reference Model 33 2.4.2. Correlation Properties of the Reference Model 37 2.5. The Simulation Model 38 2.5.1. The Stochastic Simulation Model 38 2.5.2. The Deterministic Simulation Model 40 2.6. Scattering Scenarios 41 2.6.1. Isotropic Scattering Scenarios 41 XI
2.6.2. Non-Isotropic Scattering Scenarios 42 2.7. Parameter Computation Methods 44 2.7.1. Extended Method of Exact Doppler Spread (EMEDS) 44 2.7.2. Modified Method of Equal Areas (MMEA) 46 2.7.3. L p -Norm Method (LPNM) 47 2.8. Conclusions 49 References 49 Appendix 51 About the Authors 51 Chapter 3 Capacity of Multiple Antenna Systems in Rayleigh Fading Channels 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Information Theory 55 3.2.1. Entropy 55 3.2.2. Mutual Information 56 3.2.3. Capacity over Propagation Channels 57 3.2.3.1. Deterministic Capacity 57 3.2.3.2. Ergodic Capacity 58 3.2.3.3. Outage Capacity 58 3.3. Capacity of MIMO Systems with Unknown CSI at Transmitter 59 3.3.1. Multiple Antenna Systems at Reception-SIMO 59 3.3.1.1. Maximum Ratio Combining 60 3.3.1.2. Equal Gain Combining 60 3.3.1.3. Selection Combining 61 3.3.2. Multiple Antenna Systems at Transmission-MISO 64 3.3.3 Multiple Antenna Systems at Transmission and Reception-MIMO 65 3.3.3.1. MIMO Spatial Multiplexing Systems 66 3.3.3.2. MIMO Systems with Space-time Coding 70 3.4. Capacity of MIMO Systems with Known CSI at Transmitter 73 3.4.1. MIMO Systems Exploiting WF Technique 73 3.4.2. MIMO Systems Exploiting the Antenna Selection 76 3.5. Conclusions 80 References 80 About the Authors 81 Chapter 4 Survey Study for MIMO Synchronization Systems 4.1. Introduction 85 4.2. MIMO Transmission Model 85 4.3. Cramér-Rao Bound [13] 86 4.3.1. Exact CRB 86 4.3.2. Asymptotic CRB 88 4.4. Channel Gains and Frequency Offsets Estimation 88 4.4.1. Maximum Likelihood Estimation 88 4.4.2. EM-Type Algorithm [11] 91 4.4.2.1. ECM Based Approach 92 4.4.2.2. SAGE-ECM Based Approach 94 XII
4.4.3. Interference Cancellation [17] 95 4.5. Training Sequence Design 96 4.5.1. Asymptotic CRB Criteria 96 4.5.2. MSE Criteria [8] 97 4.5.2.1. Training Sequence for Channel Estimation 97 4.5.2.2. Training Sequence for Frequency Offset Estimation 97 4.6. Synchronization for MIMO-CDMA 98 4.6.1. Signal Model of MIMO DS-CDMA System [30] 98 4.6.2. ST-MUSIC [30] 99 4.6.3. ML code acquisition for uplink asynchronous MIMO DS-CDMA [31] 101 4.7. Synchronization for MIMO-UWB 103 4.7.1. Receive Signal in MIMO-UWB [32] 103 4.7.2. ML Delay Estimation and Its CRB [32] 104 4.8. Frequency Synchronization in MIMO-OFDM Systems 105 4.8.1. Receive Signal [34] 105 4.8.2. Preamble Design and Synchronization Algorithm 106 4.9. Conclusions 107 References 108 About the Authors 110 Chapter 5 Antenna Selection in MIMO Systems 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. Multiple-Antenna Communication Systems 113 5.2.1. The Alamouti Space-Time Block Codes 113 5.2.2. Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes 115 5.3. Antenna Selection Technique 116 5.4. Performance Analysis 117 5.4.1. Performance Analysis of Space-Time Block Codes 117 5.4.2. Numerical Results of Multiple-Antennas Communication Systems over Nakagami- m Fading Channels 120 5.4.3. Performance Analysis for Space-Time Block Coding Systems with Antenna Selection 122 5.4.4. Simulation Results of AS Wireless Communication System 124 5.5. Conclusions 125 References 126 Appendix 127 About the Authors 128 Chapter 6 Advances in MIMO OFDM Channel Estimation 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Channel and System Model 132 6.2.1. IQ Constellation Mapping 134 6.2.2. OFDM Equalization 135 6.3. SISO-OFDM Channel Estimation 137 6.3.1. One Dimensional Channel Estimation 138 6.3.2. Two Dimensional Channel Estimation 139 6.4. MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation 140 6.4.1. Estimators Based on the Convolution Channel Model 140 XIII
6.4.2. Estimators Based on the Flat fading Channel Model 142 6.4.2.1. Reduced Parameter CSI (RP-CSI) Estimation 142 6.4.2.2. Principal Component Analysis Basis-The Optimal Frequency Domain Basis 144 6.4.2.3. Slepian Basis Expansion-the Optimal Time Domain Basis 145 6.5. Conclusions 148 References 148 Appendix 150 About the Authors 151 Chapter 7 Successive Interference Cancellation Based Signal Detector for Wireless MIMO Communications 7.1. Introduction 155 7.2. Overview of Multiple Antenna Techniques 155 7.2.1. Space-Time Block Codes 156 7.2.2. V-BLAST Scheme 156 7.3. Successive Interference Cancellation for Space-Time Block Codes 156 7.3.1. Problem Formulation 156 7.3.2. SIC Solution 157 7.3.3. Theoretical Performance Analysis 159 7.3.4. Computational Complexity Analysis 160 7.3.5. Simulation Results 161 7.4. Several Extensions 163 7.4.1. SIC for Space-Frequency Block Codes 163 7.4.2. SIC for Time-Reversal Space-Time Block Codes 164 7.4.3. Successive Interference Cancellation for V-BLAST 167 7.5 Summary 169 References 169 About the Authors 170 Chapter 8 On Capacity of Multi Element Dual Polarized Antenna Systems 8.1. Introduction 175 8.2. MIMO Communication Systems 175 8.2.1. MIMO System Model 175 8.2.2. MIMO Channel Model 176 8.3. MIMO Channel Modeling 177 8.3.1. Kronecker Model 177 8.3.1.1 Kronecker model for single-polarized MIMO systems 178 8.3.1.2 Kronecker model for dual-polarized MIMO systems 178 8.3.2. Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Models 180 8.4. Multiple-Antenna Capacity 183 8.4.1. General Capacity Definitions 183 8.4.2. Unknown-CSI Capacity at Transmitter 183 8.4.3. Known-CSI Capacity at Transmitter 185 8.5. Approximation of Dual-Polarized Capacity Gain 187 8.6. Conclusions 189 XIV
References 189 About the Authors 190 Chapter 9 Cooperative Systems for Sensor Networks 9.1. Introduction 195 9.2. Cooperative MIMO and Space-Time Block Codes for Wireless Sensor Networks 196 9.2.1. Cooperative MIMO Scheme 196 9.2.2. Application of STBC 196 9.3. Energy Consumption in Cooperative Communication 196 9.3.1. Energy Consumption in Direct Communications 196 9.3.2. Energy Consumption in Cooperative MIMO Communications 197 9.3.2.1 Energy Consumption Tx Side 197 9.3.2.2. Energy Consumption Rx Side 199 9.3.3. Application: Uniform Energy Consumption in Cluster Based Multi-hop WSN 199 9.4. Cluster Energy Consumption Model 200 9.4.1. Key Points for Uniform Energy Distributions 201 9.4.2. Joint Optimization of Rate and C-MIMO Schemes 201 9.5. Conclusions 206 References 206 About the Author 207 Chapter 10 MIMO Aware Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) 10.1. Mobile ad Hoc Networks (MANET) 211 10.1.1. Characteristics of MANET 211 10.1.2. Kinds of MANET 212 10.2. IEEE 802.11 Protocol 212 10.2.1. Physical Layer 213 10.2.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 214 10.3. MANET and MIMO 214 10.4. Smart Antennas 215 10.5. Examples of MIMO Aware MAC Layer 217 10.6. MIMO Aware MAC Layers Protocols 220 10.6.1. SD-MAC: Spatial Diversity for Medium Access Control 222 10.6.2. NULLHOC: A MAC Protocol for Adaptive Antenna Array Based Wireless Ad Hoc Networks in Multipath Environments 222 10.6.3. Mitigating Interference Using Multiple Antennas MAC (MIMA-MAC) 223 10.6.4. SPACE-MAC: Spatial Reuse Using MIMO Channel-Aware MAC 224 10.6.5. The MIMO-Aware MAC (MA-MAC) MA-MAC 224 10.7. Conclusions 226 References 226 About the Author 228 Abbreviations 229 XV