INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1101 Third edition 2012-04-15 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Geometrical tolerancing Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) Tolérancement géométrique Tolérancement de forme, orientation, position et battement Reference number ISO 2012
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyright@iso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved
Contents Page Foreword... iv Introduction... v 1 Scope... 1 2 Normative references... 1 3 Terms and definitions... 2 4 Basic concepts... 4 5 Symbols... 5 6 Tolerance frame... 7 7 Toleranced features... 8 8 Tolerance zones... 10 9 Datums... 16 10 Supplementary indications... 19 11 Theoretically exact dimensions (TED)... 25 12 Restrictive specifications... 25 13 Projected tolerance zone... 27 14 Free state condition... 30 15 Interrelationship of geometrical tolerances... 30 16 Intersection planes... 30 17 Orientation planes... 33 18 Definitions of geometrical tolerances... 35 Annex A (informative) Former practices... 92 Annex B (normative) Assessment of geometrical deviations... 95 Annex C (normative) Relations and dimensions of graphical symbols... 99 Annex D (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model... 101 Bibliography... 103 ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 1101 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 1101:2004) and ISO 10578:1992. Representations of specifications in the form of a 3D model have been added. iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved
Introduction This International Standard is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638). It influences chain links 1, 2 and 3 of the chain of standards on form, orientation, location and run out, and chain link 1 of the chain of standards on datums. The ISO GPS Masterplan given in ISO/TR 14638 gives an overview of the ISO GPS system of which this document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document. The default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this document, unless otherwise stated. For more detailed information on the relation of this International Standard to the GPS matrix model, see Annex D. This International Standard represents the initial basis and describes the required fundamentals for geometrical tolerancing. Nevertheless, it is advisable to consult the separate standards referenced in Clause 2 and in Table 2 for more detailed information. For the presentation of lettering (proportions and dimensions), see ISO 3098-2. All figures in this International Standard for the 2D drawing indications have been drawn in first-angle projection with dimensions and tolerances in millimetres. It should be understood that third-angle projection and other units of measurement could have been used equally well without prejudice to the principles established. For all figures giving tolerancing examples in 3D, the dimensions and tolerances are the same as for the similar figures shown in 2D. The figures in this International Standard illustrate the text and are not intended to reflect an actual application. Consequently, the figures are not fully dimensioned and toleranced, showing only the relevant general principles. Neither are the figures intended to imply a particular display requirement in terms of whether hidden detail, tangent lines or other annotations are shown or not shown. Many figures have lines or details removed for clarity, or added or extended to assist with the illustration of the text. For a definitive presentation (proportions and dimensions) of the symbolization for geometrical tolerancing, see ISO 7083. Annex A of this International Standard has been provided for information only. It presents previous drawing indications that have been omitted here and are no longer used. It needs to be noted that the former use of the term circularity has been changed to the term roundness for reasons of consistency with other standards. Definitions of features are taken from ISO 14660-1 and ISO 14660-2, which provide new terms different from those used in previous edition of this International Standard. The former terms are indicated in the text following the new terms, between parentheses. For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms axis and median plane are used for derived features of perfect form, and the terms median line and median surface for derived features of imperfect form. Furthermore, the following line types have been used in the explanatory illustrations, i.e. those representing non-technical drawings for which the rules of ISO 128 (all parts) apply. ISO 2012 All rights reserved v
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview Feature level Feature type Details Visible Line type Behind plane/surface Nominal feature (ideal feature) integral feature point line/axis surface/plane wide continuous narrow dashed derived feature point line/axis face/plane narrow long dashed dotted narrow dashed dotted Real feature integral feature surface wide freehand continuous narrow freehand dashed Extracted feature integral surface point line surface wide short dashed narrow short dashed derived feature point line face wide dotted narrow dotted Associated feature integral feature point straight line ideal feature wide doubled-dashed double-dotted narrow double-dashed double-dotted derived feature point straight line plane narrow long dashed double-dotted wide dashed double-dotted datum point line surface/plane wide long dashed double-short dashed narrow long dashed double-short dashed Tolerance zone limits, tolerances planes line surface continuous narrow narrow dashed Section, illustration plane, drawing plane, aid plane line surface narrow long dashed short dashed narrow dashed short dashed Extension, dimension, leader and reference lines line continuous narrow narrow dashed vi ISO 2012 All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Geometrical tolerancing Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out IMPORTANT The illustrations included in this International Standard are intended to illustrate the text and/or to provide examples of the related technical drawing specification; these illustrations are not fully dimensioned and toleranced, showing only the relevant general principles. As a consequence, the illustrations are not a representation of a complete workpiece, and are not of a quality that is required for use in industry (in terms of full conformity with the standards prepared by ISO/TC 10 and ISO/TC 213), and as such are not suitable for projection for teaching purposes. 1 Scope This International Standard contains basic information and gives requirements for the geometrical tolerancing of workpieces. It represents the initial basis and defines the fundamentals for geometrical tolerancing. NOTE Other International Standards referenced in Clause 2 and in Table 2 provide more detailed information on geometrical tolerancing. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 128-24:1999, Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 24: Lines on mechanical engineering drawings ISO 1660:1987, Technical drawings Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles ISO 2692:2006, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Geometrical tolerancing Maximum material requirement (MMR), least material requirement (LMR) and reciprocity requirement (RPR) ISO 5458:1998, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Geometrical tolerancing Positional tolerancing ISO 5459:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Geometrical tolerancing Datums and datum systems ISO 8015:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Fundamentals Concepts, principles and rules ISO 10579:2010, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Dimensioning and tolerancing Non-rigid parts ISO 12180-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Cylindricity Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of cylindrical form ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview ISO 12180-2:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Cylindricity Part 2: Specification operators ISO 12181-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Roundness Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of roundness ISO 12181-2:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Roundness Part 2: Specification operators ISO 12780-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Straightness Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of straightness ISO 12780-2:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Straightness Part 2: Specification operators ISO 12781-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Flatness Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters of flatness ISO 12781-2:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Flatness Part 2: Specification operators ISO 14660-1:1999, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Geometrical features Part 1: General terms and definitions ISO 14660-2:1999, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Geometrical features Part 2: Extracted median line of a cylinder and a cone, extracted median surface, local size of an extracted feature ISO 17450-2: 1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) General concepts Part 2: Basic tenets, specifications, operators and uncertainties 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14660-1 and ISO 14660-2 and the following apply. 3.1 tolerance zone space limited by one or several geometrically perfect lines or surfaces, and characterized by a linear dimension, called a tolerance NOTE See also 4.4. 3.2 intersection plane plane, established from an extracted feature of the workpiece, identifying a line on an extracted surface (integral or median) or a point on an extracted line NOTE The use of intersection planes makes it possible to define toleranced features independent of the view. 3.3 orientation plane plane, established from an extracted feature of the workpiece, identifying the orientation of the tolerance zone NOTE 1 For a derived feature, the use of an orientation plane makes it possible to define the direction of the width of the tolerance zone independent of the TEDs (case of location) or of the datum (case of orientation). NOTE 2 The orientation plane is only used when the toleranced feature is a median feature (centre point, median straight line) and the tolerance zone is defined by two parallel straight lines or two parallel planes. 1 To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-2:2002) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
3.4 direction feature feature, established from an extracted feature of the workpiece, identifying the direction of the width of the tolerance zone NOTE 1 The direction feature can be a plane, a cylinder or a cone. NOTE 2 For a line in a surface, the use of a direction feature makes it possible to change the direction of the width of the tolerance zone. NOTE 3 The direction feature is used on a complex surface or a complex profile when the direction of the tolerance value is not normal to the specified geometry. NOTE 4 By default, the direction feature is a cone, a cylinder or a plane constructed from the datum or datum system indicated in the second compartment of the direction feature indicator. The geometry of the direction feature depends on the geometry of the toleranced feature. 3.5 compound contiguous feature feature composed of several single features joined together without gaps NOTE 1 A compound contiguous feature can be closed or not. NOTE 2 A non-closed compound contiguous feature can be defined by the way of using the between symbol (see 10.1.4). NOTE 3 A closed compound contiguous feature can be defined by the way of using the all around symbol (see 10.1.2). In this case, it is a set of single features whose intersection with any plane parallel to a collection plane is a line or a point. 3.6 collection plane plane, established from a nominal feature on the workpiece, defining a closed compound contiguous feature NOTE The collection plane may be required when the all around symbol is applied. 3.7 theoretically exact dimension TED dimension indicated on technical product documentation, which is not affected by an individual or general tolerance NOTE 1 TED. NOTE 2 NOTE 3 For the purpose of this International Standard, the term theoretically exact dimension has been abbreviated A theoretically exact dimension is a dimension used in operations (e.g. association, partition, collection, ). A theoretically exact dimension can be a linear dimension or an angular dimension. NOTE 4 A TED can define the extension or the relative location of a portion of one feature, the length of the projection of a feature, the theoretical orientation or location from one or more features, or the nominal shape of a feature. NOTE 5 A TED is indicated by a rectangular frame including a value. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview 4 Basic concepts 4.1 Geometrical tolerances shall be specified in accordance with functional requirements. Manufacturing and inspection requirements can also influence geometrical tolerancing. NOTE Indicating geometrical tolerances does not necessarily imply the use of any particular method of production, measurement or gauging. 4.2 A geometrical tolerance applied to a feature defines the tolerance zone within which that feature shall be contained. 4.3 A feature is a specific portion of the workpiece, such as a point, a line or a surface; these features can be integral features (e.g. the external surface of a cylinder) or derived (e.g. a median line or median surface). See ISO 14660-1. 4.4 According to the characteristic to be toleranced and the manner in which it is dimensioned, the tolerance zone is one of the following: the space within a circle; the space between two concentric circles; the space between two equidistant lines or two parallel straight lines; the space within a cylinder; the space between two coaxial cylinders the space between two equidistant surfaces or two parallel planes; the space within a sphere. 4.5 Unless a more restrictive indication is required, for example by an explanatory note (see Figure 8), the toleranced feature may be of any form or orientation within this tolerance zone. 4.6 The tolerance applies to the whole extent of the considered feature unless otherwise specified as in Clauses 12 and 13. 4.7 Geometrical tolerances which are assigned to features related to a datum do not limit the form deviations of the datum feature itself. It may be necessary to specify tolerances of form for the datum feature(s). 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
5 Symbols See Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Symbols for geometrical characteristics Tolerances Characteristics Symbol Datum needed Subclause Straightness no 18.1 Flatness no 18.2 Form Roundness no 18.3 Cylindricity no 18.4 Profile any line no 18.5 Profile any surface no 18.7 Parallelism yes 18.9 Perpendicularity yes 18.10 Orientation Angularity yes 18.11 Profile any line Profile any surface yes yes Position yes or no 18.12 Concentricity (for centre points) yes 18.13 Location Coaxiality (for axes) yes 18.13 Symmetry yes 18.14 Profile any line yes 18.6 Profile any surface yes 18.8 Run-out Circular run-out yes 18.15 Total run-out yes 18.16 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview Table 2 Additional symbols Description Symbol Reference Toleranced feature indication Clause 7 Datum feature indication Clause 9 and ISO 5459 Datum target indication ISO 5459 Theoretically exact dimension Clause 11 Median feature Clause 7 Unequally disposed tolerance zone Subclause 10.2 Between Subclause 10.1.4 From to Subclause 10.1.4 Projected tolerance zone Clause 13 Maximum material requirement Clause 14 and ISO 2692 Least material requirement Clause 15 and ISO 2692 Free state condition (non-rigid parts) Clause 16 and ISO 10579 All around (profile) Subclause 10.1 Envelope requirement ISO 8015 Common zone Subclause 8.5 Minor diameter Subclause 10.2 Major diameter Subclause 10.2 Pitch diameter Subclause 10.2 Line element Subclause 18.9.4 Not convex Subclause 6.3 Any cross-section Subclause 18.13.1 Direction feature Subclause 8.1 Collection plane Subclause 10.1.2 Intersection plane Clause 16 Orientation plane Clause 17 6 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
6 Tolerance frame 6.1 The requirements are shown in a rectangular frame which is divided into two or more compartments. These compartments contain, from left to right, in the following order (see the examples in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5): first compartment: the symbol for the geometrical characteristic; second compartment: the width of the tolerance zone in the unit used for linear dimensions and complementary requirements (see Clauses 7, 8, 10, and 12 to 16). If the tolerance zone is circular or cylindrical, the value is preceded by the symbol. If the tolerance zone is spherical, the value is preceded by S ; third and subsequent compartment, if applicable: the letter or letters identifying the datum or common datum or datum system (see the examples in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 6.2 When a tolerance applies to more than one feature this shall be indicated above the tolerance frame by the number of features followed by the symbol (see the examples in Figures 6 and 7). Figure 6 Figure 7 6.3 If required, indications qualifying the form of the feature within the tolerance zone shall be written near the tolerance frame (see the example in Figure 8). NOTE See also Table 2. Figure 8 6.4 If it is necessary to specify more than one geometrical characteristic for a feature, the requirements may be given in tolerance frames one under the other for convenience (see the example in Figure 9). Figure 9 6.5 If required, indications qualifying the direction of the tolerance zone or the extracted (actual) line or both shall be written after the tolerance frame, e.g. use of intersection plane to indicate the direction of the toleranced feature (see Clause 7), use of the orientation plane to indicate the orientation of the tolerance zone, use of the direction feature to indicate the direction of the width of the tolerance zone (see Clause 8). ISO 2012 All rights reserved 7
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview 7 Toleranced features A geometrical specification applies to a single complete feature, unless an appropriate modifier is indicated. When the toleranced feature is not a single complete feature, see Clause 10. When the geometrical specification refers to the feature itself (integral feature), the tolerance frame shall be connected to the toleranced feature by a leader line starting from either end of the frame and terminating in one of the following ways: In 2D annotation, on the outline of the feature or an extension of the outline (but clearly separated from the dimension line) (see Figures 10 and 11). The termination of the leader line is an arrow if it terminates on a drawn line, or a dot (filled or unfilled) when the indicated feature is an integral feature and the leader line terminates within the bounds of the feature. The arrowhead may be placed on a reference line using a leader line to point to the surface (see Figure 12). In 3D annotation, on the feature itself [see Figures 10 b) and 11 b)]. The termination of the leader line is a dot. When the surface is visible, the dot is filled out; when the surface is hidden the dot is not filled out and the leader line is a dashed line. The termination of the leader line may be an arrow placed on a reference line using a leader line to point to the surface [see Figure 12 b)]. The above rules for the dot terminating the leader line also apply in this case. a) 2D b) 3D Figure 10 a) 2D b) 3D Figure 11 8 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
a) 2D b) 3D Figure 12 When the tolerance refers to a median line, a median surface, or a median point (derived feature), it is indicated either by the leader line starting from either end of the tolerance frame terminated by an arrow on the extension of the dimension line of a feature of size [see the examples in Figures 13 a), 13 b), 14 a), 14 b), 15 a) and 15 b)], or by a modifier (median feature) placed at the rightmost end of the second compartment of the tolerance frame from the left. In this case, the leader line starting from either end of the tolerance frame does not have to terminate on the dimension line, but can terminate with an arrow on the outline of the feature [see Figures 16 a) and 16 b)]. a) 2D b) 3D Figure 13 a) 2D b) 3D Figure 14 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 9
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview a) 2D b) 3D Figure 15 a) 2D b) 3D Figure 16 If needed, an indication specifying the type of feature (line instead of a surface) shall be written near the tolerance frame (see Figures 103 and 104). NOTE When the toleranced feature is a line, a further indication may be needed to control the orientation of the toleranced feature, see Figure 97 for the case of a median line and Figure 103 for the case of an integral line. 8 Tolerance zones 8.1 The tolerance zone is positioned symmetrically from an ideal feature unless otherwise indicated (see 10.2). The tolerance value defines the width of the tolerance zone. This width applies normal to the specified geometry (see Figures 17 and 18) unless otherwise indicated (see Figures 19 and 20). NOTE The orientation alone of the leader line does not influence the definition of the tolerance zone, except in the case where the orientation of the leader line and therefore the direction of the width of the tolerance zone is indicated by a TED [see Figures 19 a) and 19 b), and 8.2]. 10 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
a Datum A. Drawing indication Interpretation Figure 17 Figure 18 Drawing indication a) 2D b) 3D c) 3D Figure 19 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 11
Provläsningsexemplar / Preview NOTE 1 When the datum feature identified by the tolerance frame is the same as the feature establishing the direction feature, then the direction feature can be omitted. NOTE 2 In Figure 19, the theoretical shape of each toleranced feature is a circle. The straight segments are inclined by the angle alpha. This generates a set of tolerance zones which are conical sections with a fixed angle along the surface. When a direction feature is indicated as shown in Figure 19, the width of the tolerance zone is defined by an infinite set of straight segments, inclined in the direction indicated by the direction feature indicator. Each of these segments has a length equal to the tolerance value and has its midpoint located on the theoretical shape of the tolerance zone by default. The tolerance value is constant along the length of the considered feature, unless otherwise indicated by a graphical indication, defining a proportional variation from one value to another, between two specified locations on the considered feature, identified as given in 10.1.4. The letters identifying the locations are separated by an arrow (see Figure 21 for restricted parts of a feature). The values are related to the specified locations on the considered feature by the letters indicated over the tolerance frame (e.g. in Figure 21, the value of the tolerance is 0,1 for location J and 0,2 for location K). By default, the proportional variation follows the curvilinear distance, i.e. the distance along the curve connecting the two specified locations. a Datum A. Interpretation Figure 20 Figure 21 The angle shown in Figure 19 shall be indicated, even if it is equal to 90. In the case of roundness, the width of the tolerance zone always applies in a plane perpendicular to the nominal axis. 12 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
8.2 In the case of a median feature (centre point, median line, median surface) toleranced in one direction: In 2D view, when the direction of the width of a tolerance zone is at 0 or 90 relative to the datum or relative to the pattern of the theoretically exact dimensions without using an orientation plane, the arrow of the leader line gives this direction (Figures 22, 23 and 24). In other cases, an orientation plane shall be used. Figure 22 In 3D view, when the direction of the width of a tolerance zone is to be specified relative to the datum or relative to the pattern of the theoretically exact dimensions, an orientation plane shall be indicated to determine this direction [see Figure 23 b)]. when two tolerances are stated, they shall be perpendicular to each other unless otherwise specified (see the examples in Figures 23 and 24). Drawing indication a) 2D b) 3D Figure 23 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 13