ART HISTORY AND CRITICISM I HONORS STUDY GUIDE FOR SEGMENT ONE Gallery 1 -In what parts of the caves where cave paintings found? Why? -What figures appear in cave paintings? What do hands symbolize? -What is twisted perspective? What did it lack? -Why was the find of the Chauvet Cave so important? -Describe the Venus of Willendorf. Why was its purpose? What was it made of? -Why did Neolithic communities need extra security? -Describe the town and planning of Catal Huyuk. -Describe the Seated Goddess of Catal Huyuk. What was its purpose? -Define: megalith, trilithon, cromlech and henge. -Describe Stonehenge. What was its purpose? How do we know this? -Where did writing develop? What was the need for having a written language and what did it look like? -What is a ziggurat? How were they built? How did they reflect their beliefs in gods? -What is the purpose of votive statues? Why were their eyes important? What is lapis lazuli? -Describe the Standard of Ur. How does the back differ from the front? -Describe the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin. How is the king portrayed? -Who was Gudea? How was his portrayal different from others? -Describe the Code of Hammurabi. What was its importance? What was the name of the God? -Who built the Palace of Sargon II? How did this complex differ from others? -What were lamassus? Where could one find them? What were their purposes? -What did the reliefs in the Palace of Sargon II depict? What do they say about this ethnical group? -What were the Persian columns capped with? -How do we know that immortality and/or the after-life are important for the Egyptians? -What are hieroglyphics? How did scholars translate Egyptian hieroglyphics? What did they record? -How were the mastabas and step pyramids built? -Define: sham structures, drummed, fluted, capital, bud or bell capital, engaged, in situ, colossus. -Describe the Pyramids of Giza. How do they portray Egyptian art? -Describe the Sphinx. -Compare and contrast how a pharaoh may be portrayed versus a scribe. Why is there a difference? -Define: colonnaded terraces, obelisks, hypostyle hall, impost blocks, and clerestory. -How did the art of the Amarna period reflect the revolution created by King Akhenaton? -How was the pharaoh portrayed during the Amarna period? -Who was King Tutankhamen? Why was he significant? -List the characteristics of the Cycladic sculptures? -Describe the Knossos Palace. -How do Minoan columns differ from Egyptian columns?
-Describe the Minoan frescos. What characteristics do we see in them? -Describe the Snake Goddess. -How do we know that the Helladics/ Mycenaeans were a warrior race? -Describe the Lion Gate and its importance. -Describe the Treasury of Atreus. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE: Gallery 2 -What did the ancient Greeks focus on? What was their ultimate aim? -List the 5 periods that divide Greek Culture. List their dates, historical and artistic highlights. -Describe the Mantiklos Apollo. -Describe black-figure vase painting. Who influenced this style? How did it represent the Geometric period and other cultures?
-What does Archaic mean? -Define kouros and kore. What was their purpose? How are they influenced by the Egyptians? -How do the Archaic sculptures idealize freedom? -Describe the red-figure technique. Who was the master of this technique? -What was the ideal proportion for Greek temples? How does this reflect the Greek culture? -Describe the three different variations of a peristyle temple. -Compare and contrast the Doric and Ionic Orders. Name a temple that exemplifies each of these orders. -What is the Classical Period? -Describe the Temple of Aphaia. How does this temple serve as a transitional structure from the Archaic to the Classical period? -Describe the Temple of Athena Parthenos. What did it represent? What was the controlling ratio for this structure? -What is contrapposto? When do we first see contrapposto in a sculpture? -Polykleitos was in search of the ideal proportions. Which sculpture was created to demonstrate these proportions? -What characterized the Late Classical Period? -What characterized the Hellenistic period? -Describe the Venus di Milo. -How does the Seated Boxer exemplify the Hellenistic period? -Describe the Etruscan culture. -What building materials did the Etruscans use? What materials did the Etruscans use for their sculptures? -Describe the Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple. Name the culture that influenced this artwork. - What do Etruscan frescoes they tell us about this culture? -Describe the Capitoline Wolf. Who adopted this as their national symbol? -Roman style can be defined as a mixture of what two cultures? Who was responsible for bringing Greek art into Roman art? -Roman s major contribution to the world was the invention of? How did this change the way of building? -Describe the plan of a basilica. What did this structure evolve into? -Describe the frescoes of Pompeii. What are the differences between the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Stlyes? -What is linear perspective? -What defines Republican Roman sculpture? What made them so realistic? -Who was Augustus? How did sculpture change during his reign? -Describe Ara Pacis and its importance. -Describe the aqueducts and their importance. -Describe the Coliseum. What was its purpose?
-Describe the Arch of Titus. What was its purpose? What is a composite capital? -What events led to the High Imperial Period? -Describe the Forum of Trajan. -Who was Hadrian? What building is he most known for? -Describe the importance of the Pantheon. Describe its dome. -Who was Marcus Aurelius? Explain how he was portrayed in sculptures. -Describe Roman relief sculptures. How does the lack of a single baseline in reliefs suggest a break from the traditional? -Who was Constantine? Why were his actions important? IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE:
Gallery 3 -How do the figures in Early Christian art resemble those from the Roman Late Imperial Period? -Define catacombs. Where were the dead placed? -What three characteristics of Early Christian art do the frescoes of the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus represent? -Know the significance of colors, numbers, plants, animals, and other symbols in Early Christian art. -Know the symbols used for the Evangelists/Apostles. -Why was there an immediate need for churches? -Compare and contrast Old St. Peter s and Santa Costanza. What was an ambulatory? - The goal in Early Christian art is an uncomplicated communication of theme. How is this evident? -Describe the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. What is a blind arcade? How does the Saviour appear different in the lunette of the Mausoleum? -Describe the Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. Describe the gold curtain. -Describe the Byzantine culture. List and date the three periods that divide the Byzantine Period. -Who was Justinian? -Describe the The Barberini Ivory. How does it reflect the Byzantine Period? -Describe the Hagia Sophia. Who had originally built it? How was it changed? What is the purpose of buttresses? Why was light important in this structure? -Describe San Vitale. -Describe the mosaics of Justinian and Theodora. What do they lack? -What ushered the age of iconoclasm? How did this affect the Middle Byzantine period? -Differentiate between Early and Middle Byzantine mosaics. How do they differ from Early Christian art? -How did the image of Jesus change in Early Christian art to Byzantine art? -What was the basic Byzantine church design? -What is a triptych? -Describe the Anastasis from the Church of Christ. How does this mural break away from tradition? -How did the Byzantine Period come to an end? Who carried its traditions? -Describe the Dome of the Rock. What is the significance of the location that it was built? -Describe how a mosque reflects the Muslim religion. -Describe the Great Mosque at Cordoba. What is a horseshoe arch? -Describe the Taj Mahal. -Who were the Vikings? -Describe the Animal Head? What are the motifs found in this art piece? -What is Hiberno-Saxon art? -Describe the Book of Durrow. What are carpet pages? -Describe the high crosses. These are a combination of what two styles? -Describe the Ebbo Gospels.
-Describe Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in the capital of Aachen. What influences do we see? -Describe the Gero Cross. Why is it important? IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE:
Gallery 4 -What influences do we see in Romanesque architecture? -List the specific characteristics of a Romanesque church. -Why were the Early Christian churches modified? -How did the Romanesque architects resolve the issue of light? -Describe the Last Judgment by artist Gislebertus in the West Portal at Saint-Lazare in Autun, France. -Describe the reliquary of Pope Alexander. What is its purpose? What influences from other cultures are present? -The term Gothic was first used by whom and why? -What was the reason for building Notre Dame? What are flying buttresses? Why were they needed? -What is the first, true High Gothic building? What new system was applied here that began the norm for High Gothic buildings? -Compare and contrast the jamb statues from the Romanesque, Early Gothic, and High Gothic. -Discuss the concept of divine luminosity and the goal of increased verticality that was the driving force behind Gothic art and architecture. -How did the Gothic style differ outside of France? -Describe the Perpendicular style. Where did it originate? -What characteristics separate the Italian Gothic style from other Gothic styles? -Describe the Parisian court style. What artwork represents this style? -Describe Gothic manuscripts. What inspired them? -Italy s 14th Century is marked by many transitions. Describe the political, social, religious, and literary transitions that were occurring at that time. -Who is Nicola Pisano? How does his Adoration of the Magi establish a new trend? -Who is Giovanni Pisano? How does his work differ from his father s work? How does Giovanni Pisano s work serve as the foundation for 14th Century Italian art and the Renaissance? -Who is Cimabue? How are his paintings similar and different from the Byzantine paintings? -Describe the Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets. -Who was Giotto di Bondone? How did his style break from the Byzantine traditions? -Describe Duccio s Madonna and Child Enthroned. Who influenced Duccio? -Who was Simone Martini? Who had a strong impact on him? -What is the International Style? What artwork shows the development of this style? -Describe The Birth of Mary. Why is this artwork important? -Describe The Effects of Good Government in the City. Why is this artwork important? -What is a polyptyche? What is trompe-l oeil? -Describe the portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife. How did van Eyck use symbolism in this work? -List the important symbols found in The Portinari Altarpiece.
-Describe Bosch's work, The Garden of Earthly Delights. What is so unusual about this artwork? IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE: