5. 1 Glossary Protohistory of India and Pakistan I: Development of Indus Civilization-Ceramic Traditions Staring Charact er Term Definition B Brick An important building material of individual blocks of clay or mud, some with tempering of sand or straw. Bricks, which are not always rectangular, may be baked in a kiln to terra cotta or sun-dried; the latter are referred to as mud bricks or adobes. C Ceramic An artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures; a solid made of compounds of metallic elements and inorganic nonmetallic elements: earthenwares, porcelains, stonewares, terra cottas, and other materials made of fired clay. Related Term Pottery E Era A period marked by distinctive character Epoch F Faience It is the primitive form of glass developed in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium Bc. It is a substance composed of a sand and clay mixture baked to a temperature at which the surface begins to fuse to a bluish or greenish glass. It was colored with copper salts to produce a blue-green finish and used especially for beads and figurines, particularly in the second millennium Bc. Its main use in the Bronze Age was for beads, seals, figurines, and similar small objects L Lithic Pertaining to or describing a stone tool or artifact Stone
P Pottery One of the oldest of the decorative arts, consisting of objects made of clay and hardened with heat. The objects are commonly useful. Earthenware is the oldest and simplest form of pottery; stoneware is a pottery compound that is fired at a sufficiently high temperature to cause it to vitrify and become extremely hard; and porcelain, finer than stoneware and generally translucent, is made by adding feldspar to kaolin and then firing at a high temperature. R Region Considerably larger unit of geographical space usually determined by the vagaries of archaeological history. In terms of the cultural aspect, generally speaking, it is a geographical space in which, at a given time a high degree of cultural homogeneity may be expected but not counted on. S Stoneware Stoneware: distinctive pottery that has been fired at a high temperature (about 1200 C) until glasslike and impervious to liquid. It is usually opaque, and because it is nonporous, it does not require a glaze. When a glaze is used, it is decorative only. Stoneware bangles originated in India as early as 2600 Bc. S Shell A hard, rigid, usually calcareous, covering or support of an animal such as a mollusk. Many varieties of shell were used in antiquity, apart from the use of their contents as food. Some were used for tools and others were made into jewelry or used for decorative inlays. T Trade The transmission of material objects from one society to another; the buying and selling or exchange of commodities between nations or trading parties. Trade Ceramic Area Ceramic Ware Oyster, Conch Commerce
is a descriptive cultural model used in the culture historical approach. W Ware Generally, articles made of pottery or ceramic. Specifically, ware is a class of pottery whose members share similar technology, paste, and surface treatment. Pottery 5.2 Web links (These are general sites intended to widen the perception of Indus Civilization for the interested students. All the material presented in these websites are not verified.) Web links www.harappa.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juc3msglmoc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcyx-_wqckc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvre38hl0hm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joflqitvc7q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdgbampgf8o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indus_valley_civilization www.britannica.com/topic/indus-civilization 5.3 Bibliography Bibliography Agrawal, D.P. 2007. The Indus Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Aryan Books International. New Delhi. Ajithprasad, P. 2011. Chalcolithic Cultural Patterns and the Early Harappan Interaction in Gujarat. In T. Osada and M. Witzel (eds.). Cultural Relations Between the Indus and the Iranian Plateau During the Third Millennium BCE (Harvard Oriental Series Opera Minora) Vol. 7: 1-28. Cambridge: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University. Ajithprasad, P. and V. H. Sonawane. 2011. The Harappa Culture in North Gujarat: a
Regional Paradigm. In T. Osada and A. Uesugi (eds.). Occasional Paper 12 (Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past- Indus Project): 223-269. Kyoto: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. Allchin, B. and F. R. Allchin. 1982. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Asthana, S. 1985. Pre-Harappan Cultures of India and the Borderlands. New Delhi: Books and Books. Chakrabarti, D. K. and M. Lal. 2014 (Eds.). History of Ancient India II- Protohistoric Foundations. Vivekananda International Foundation and Aryan Books International. New Delhi. Chase, B. A. 2007. Meat Provisioning and the Integration of the Indus Civilization: A Perspective from Gujarat (India) (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Madison: University of Wisconsin. Dhavalikar, M. K. 1997. Indian Protohistory. New Delhi: Books and Books. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1995. Cultural Imperialism (Indus Civilization in Western India). Books and Books: New Delhi. Habib, I. 2002. A People s History of India 2: The Indus Civilization (Including Other Copper Age Cultures and History of Language Change till c. 1500 BC). Tulika Books. New Delhi. Kenoyer, J. M. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Oxford University Press. Khan, F. A. 1965. Excavations at Kot Diji. Pakistan Archaeology 2: 11-85. Kumar, A. (Ed.). 2012. Harappan Culture - Problems and Issues. New Bharatiya Book Corporation. Delhi. Lal, B.B. 2009. How Deep are the Roots of Indian Civilization? Archaeology Answers. Aryan Books International. New Delhi. Law II, R. W. 2008. Inter-Regional Interaction and Urbanism in the Ancient Indus Valley: Geologic Provenience Study of Harappa s Rock and Mineral Assemblage (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Madison: University of Wisconsin. Lindstrom, K. E. 2013. Pottery Preferences and Community Dynamics in the Indus ivilization Borderlands (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Madison: University of Wisconsin. Mackay, E. and D. Mackay. 1989 (Reprint). Early Indus Civilizations. Eastern Book House. Patna. Marshall, J. 1996 (Reprint). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. Vol. I. Asian Educational Services. New Delhi. Possehl, G. L. (Ed.). 1993 (Second Revised Edition). Harappan Civilization A Recent Perspective. American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Possehl, G. L. 1999. Indus Age: The Beginnings. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Setter, S. and R. Korisetter (Eds.). Indian Archaeology in Retrospect Volume II Protohistory- Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers and distributors. Shaffer, J. G. 1992. The Indus Valley, Baluchistan, and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronge Age. In E. Ehrich (ed.). Chronologies in Old World Archaeology: 441-464. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shaffer, J.G. and D.A. Lichtenstein. 1989. Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition. In J. M. Kenoyer (ed.). Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia: 117-126. Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports. 2. Wisconsin Archaeological Reports.