FIGURE 7-1 Single-channel (DS-0-level) PCM transmission system

FIGURE 7-1 Single-channel (DS-0-level) PCM transmission system

FIGURE 7-2A Two-channel PCM-TDM system: (a) block diagram; (b) TDM frame

FIGURE 7-2B Two-channel PCM-TDM system: (a) block diagram; (b) TDM frame

FIGURE 7-3A Bell system T1 digital carrier system: (a) block diagram; (b) sampling sequence

FIGURE 7-3B Bell system T1 digital carrier system: (a) block diagram; (b) sampling sequence

FIGURE 7-4A Early T1 Carrier system frame and sample alignment: (a) seven-bit magnitude-only PCM code; (b) seven-bit signmagnitude; (c) seven-bit sign-magnitude PCM code with signaling bit

FIGURE 7-4B Early T1 Carrier system frame and sample alignment: (a) seven-bit magnitude-only PCM code; (b) seven-bit signmagnitude; (c) seven-bit sign-magnitude PCM code with signaling bit

FIGURE 7-4C Early T1 Carrier system frame and sample alignment: (a) seven-bit magnitude-only PCM code; (b) seven-bit signmagnitude; (c) seven-bit sign-magnitude PCM code with signaling bit

FIGURE 7-5 Framing bit sequence for the T1 superframe format using D2 and D3 channel banks: (a) frame synchronizing bits (oddnumbered frames); (b) signaling frame alignment bits (even-numbered frames); (c) composite frame alignment

FIGURE 7-6 T1 carrier frame, sample, and signaling alignment for D2 and D3 channel banks

FIGURE 7-7A Framing bit circuitry T1 carrier system: (a) DS-1; (b) DS-1C

FIGURE 7-7B Framing bit circuitry T1 carrier system: (a) DS-1; (b) DS-1C

TABLE 7-1 Extended Superframe Format

FIGURE 7-8 Fractional T1 carrier service

FIGURE 7-9 North American Digital Hierarchy

TABLE 7-2 North American Digital Hierarchy Summary

FIGURE 7-10 Block diagram of a mastergroup or commercial television digital terminal

FIGURE 7-11 Data coding format

FIGURE 7-12 Line-encoding formats: (a) UPNRZ; (b) BPNRZ; (c) UPRZ; (d) BPRZ; (e) BPRZ-AMI

FIGURE 7-13 DC wandering

TABLE 7-3 Line-Encoding Summary

FIGURE 7-14 Digital biphase

FIGURE 7-15 Biphase, Miller, and dicode encoding formats

TABLE 7-4 Summary of Biphase, Miller, and Dicode Encoding Formats

FIGURE 7-16 Regenerative repeater block diagram

FIGURE 7-17 Waveforms for B8ZS example: (a) substitution pattern 1; (b) substitution pattern 2

FIGURE 7-18 Waveform for B6ZS example

FIGURE 7-19 CCITT TDM frame alignment and common signaling channel alignment: (a) CCITT TDM frame (125 s, 256 bits, 2.048 Mbps); (b) common signaling channel

TABLE 7-5 European Transmission Rates and Capacities

FIGURE 7-20 Interleaving: (a) bit; (b) word

FIGURE 7-21 Comparison between synchronous and statistical TDM

FIGURE 7-22 Statistical TDM frame format: (a) overall statistical TDM frame; (b) one-source per frame; (c) multiple sources per frame

TABLE 7-6 Features of Several Codec/Filter Combo Chips

FIGURE 7-23A Combo chip: (a) block diagram; (b) transmit BPF response curve; (c) receive LPF response curve Combo chip: (b) transmit BPF response curve; (c) receive LPF response curve

FIGURE 7-23B Combo chip: (a) block diagram; (b) transmit BPF response curve; (c) receive LPF response curve Combo chip: (b) transmit BPF response curve; (c) receive LPF response curve

FIGURE 7-23C Combo chip: (a) block diagram; (b) transmit BPF response curve; (c) receive LPF response curve Combo chip: (b) transmit BPF response curve; (c) receive LPF response curve

FIGURE 7-24 Single-channel PCM system using a combo chip in the fixed-data-rate mode: (a) block diagram; (Continued)

FIGURE 7-24 (Continued) (b) timing sequence

FIGURE 7-25 Twenty-four channel PCM-TDM system using a combo chip in the fixed-data-rate mode and operating with a master clock frequency of 1.536 MHz: (a) block diagram; (Continued)

FIGURE 7-25 (Continued) (b) timing diagram

FIGURE 7-26 Two-channel PCM-TDM system using a combo chip in the variable-data-rate mode with a master clock frequency of 1.536 MHz: (a) block diagram; (Continued)

FIGURE 7-26 (Continued) (b) timing diagram

FIGURE 7-27 Frequency-division multiplexing of the commercial AM broadcast band

FIGURE 7-28A Frequency-division multiplexing: (a) block diagram; (b) frequency spectrum

FIGURE 7-28B Frequency-division multiplexing: (a) block diagram; (b) frequency spectrum

FIGURE 7-29 American Telephone & Telegraph Company s FDM hierarchy

FIGURE 7-30 Formation of a group: (a) A-type channel bank block diagram; (b) output spectrum

TABLE 7-7 Channel Carrier Frequencies

TABLE 7-8 Group Carrier Frequencies

FIGURE 7-31 Formation of a supergroup: (a) group bank and combining network block diagram; (b) output spectrum

FIGURE 7-32 Formation of a U600 mastergroup: (a) supergroup bank and combining network block diagram; (b) output spectrum

TABLE 7-9 Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a U600 Mastergroup

FIGURE 7-33 Channel guard bands

TABLE 7-10 Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a L600 Mastergroup

FIGURE 7-34 L600 mastergroup

FIGURE 7-35 Three-mastergroup radio channel: (a) block diagram; (b) output spectrum

FIGURE 7-36 (a) Frequency-division multiplexing; (b) wave-length-division multiplexing

FIGURE 7-37 (a) Wavelength spectrum for a WDM system using six wavelengths; (b) multiplexing and demultiplying six lasers