PMA ONLINE TRAINING Commercial Drawings One Hour Continuing Education
PMA training disclaimer The information provided in this document is intended for use as a guideline and is not intended as, nor does it constitute, legal or professional advice. PMA does not warrant that adherence to, or compliance with, any recommendations, best practices, checklists, or guidelines will result in a particular outcome. In no event will PMA or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates be liable in tort or in contract to anyone who has access to or uses this information. PMA does not warrant that the information in this document constitutes a complete and finite list of each and every item or procedure related to the topics or issues referenced herein. Furthermore, federal, state or local laws, regulations, standards or codes may change from time to time and the reader should always refer to the most current requirements.
This presentation will address mostly, common information pertaining to commercial for larger projects. While it does not address residential buildings as a rule the principles are still true. This presentation will discuss why it is important to understand how to read and interpret? Do the job right the first time Save time on the job Justify your work Protect yourself
There are many reasons why it is important to correctly read and interpret commercial. Just a few of these reasons are: We generally are required to estimate the cost of a job prior to being hired to perform the work on the project. This is often called the pre job bid process. We use the to determine what the project will require in material, equipment and labor. Drawings, and our understanding of material, equipment, and labor needs, are used to plan and schedule the work. This will help us save time on the job.
There may be a need to justify the work done,and a clear understanding of the will greatly help in the justification of work. As important as understanding the details of the work, is knowing the information regarding the dates of revisions and changes. Changes in a construction project almost always occur and must be addressed. Knowing the and the Dates of Revisions in relation to the time when the work is performed can justify the work done and verify the dates of a task and the for that task. Changes made to construction plans happen all the time. If we are unable to verify our timeline of construction against the timeline of the changes we may not be able to receive change order payments for changes to a project.
Ultimately commercial are used to gather information from architects and engineers about the owner s desires and requirements for a building. These are used to schedule, plan, and perform the work which is done on a construction project. The work to be done has been priced, to do only one time. If there are changes that are made during a project, these changes may reflect a change in the cost of the work done. This change in cost may be either a deduction or require additional money to complete the change. Without an understanding of the timeline of changes and the work preformed, cost changes to the contract will be difficult to justify. By correctly understanding the we can do a proper job of planning, scheduling and purchasing.
Course Objectives Identify the drawing groups that make up a set of construction Identify the different parts of a drawing Understand Schedules, Keys & Legends Understand Isometric & Riser Diagrams Use these for a material take-off
A complete set of commercial consists of in different groups, usually by different engineers or architects, placed together to achieve a complete set of. Proper planning, scheduling, and installation can truly occur only when the complete set of is available. It is important to understand the different, and specific information in each of the different groups. It is also important to understand the relationship between these different groups as well as who is responsible for drawing them.
As an example: The different drawing groups, which, when combined make up a complete set of construction are; C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS- The Different Drawing Groups
C- C- refer to a set of known as Civil these are sometimes called plot plans or site plans. Civil show where a building will stand on the property, will show the boundaries of the property, and will also show where site utilities are located, such as water mains, sewer and storm drains, and gas lines. Civil also will show us where we are not allowed to build, by indicating setbacks in easements Civil will be drawn by a civil engineer The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
A- A- refer to a set of by the architect known as Architectural. They indicate how the architecture of the building or structure is to look. With the specific measurements in the space within the building. Architectural will give us specific dimensions generally measured from column lines. Dimensions of walls as well as thicknesses of walls. Types of doors, and windows. Heights of walls, and heights to ceiling. Architectural are also where we would find any number of elevation, as well as floor plans. Architectural will be drawn by an architect based on the information he has collected from the owner The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
S- S- refer to the set of which are structural. Where architectural shows how the building will look, Structural show us how the building will be built. There can be a lot of details in the structural. Showing the different types of material which will be used in the structure as well as details on how these materials and corners and joints shall be made. Structural often show us the foundation. Structural are drawn by structural engineers who understand the complexities of helping a building to stand. The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
M- M-Drawings Refer to Mechanical. The mechanical trade installs building air conditioning and heating as well as exhaust and ventilation. Mechanical should show us where mechanical equipment is to be located, the size and routing of mechanical piping systems and duct work. The area that is to be served as well as information on CFMs is information that is required for the inside environmental conditioning of the space These are drawn by mechanical engineers who understand airflow regulations, and the requirements of the building. The amount of sunlight through the glass, and the different factors that can affect the interior environment of a building. The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
P- P- refer to the plumbing which give the information for the plumbing systems, and fixtures in a building. These should also give you locations for plumbing equipment such as water heaters and electric watercoolers. While plumbing give us information on fixtures and details regarding those fixtures the plumbing were not what we would use for dimensions in placing of pipe and fixtures, either in an underground installation or in wall rough. Those dimensions are given to us more accurately in the architectural. These are drawn by plumbing engineers who are familiar with occupancy loads for buildings and the requirements of fixture loads on pipe. As well as how the codes will address the pipe fall and the location of the equipment The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
E- E- refer to the electrical. On these we would find the location of light fixtures, power outlets, electrical switch gears, transformers and anything that the electrical contractor would be responsible for. It will also give the information regarding home run of electrical power back to circuit panels as well as in the specific information regarding the electrical work of the building. Electrical are drawn by electrical engineers familiar with electrical code. The desired use of different areas of the buildings and the effects of different lighting fixtures on inside the building. Also the requirements for all heavy electric equipment The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
FP- and FA- These refer to fire protection and or fire alarm. Sometimes these are included in one set of. Other times they may be separated into two separate groups FP fire protection and FA fire alarm. This may be determined predominately perhaps by whether that contractor is responsible for both fire protection and fire alarms. However this is not always the case. These are drawn by individuals who may be engineers but who are specifically familiar with requirements for fire sprinkler protection and fire alarm systems, with relation to the location of pull stations strobes and sirens The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
LS- LS- refer to life safety or plan. These are present in most medical facility. These will exist to show the emergency exit routes and life safety systems that are required by specific buildings. These will also give us the location of fire rated walls, if that information is not included in architectural. These may be drawn by the architect or other individuals who are familiar with the layout of the building for emergencies and situations regarding life safety The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
These different drawing groups represent technical drawing groups for a set of commercial. There may be other drawing groups that are in a set of. There may be a set of that don t necessarily include all of these drawing groups. These drawing groups are compiled by the different individuals or companies who are putting together a set of which will be compiled to complete a set of commercial for a building. There may be some demolition work in an existing building in which case any one of these drawing groups that we have discussed might be proceeded with the letter D. to designate a demolition drawing. For example demolition architectural D-A, demolition plumbing D-P, demolition electrical D-E. The Different Drawing Groups C- A- S- M- P- E- FP- FA- LS-
The in the different drawing groups we have discussed, will contain different parts to each drawing. An understanding of various parts of a drawing and specific information each part gives, help make clear the scope of the work to be done. This discussion of the different parts of should help recognize these parts, and improve understanding of the information that can be found there. Parts of a Drawing
Title Box The title box is usually located on the right hand side of the sheet, often in the lower right hand corner. The title box will give information that is pertinent to this drawing. It will tell who was the person who made the drawing, who was the person who approve the drawing, when was the drawing made. Information to a specific for area of the building. If this is a revision, of revision number and the date of that revision. Parts of a Drawing Title Box In the title blocks you ll find the drawing number. The number will have a designation of one of the drawing groups. (A drawing, C drawing, P. drawing< and so forth) as well as drawing number, In this case 4030 represents a job number the drawing number is also a M3.07 that tells us that it is a mechanical drawing 3.07
Keys and legends keys and legends are found usually on the first page or perhaps the title page of a set of. Each group will have a key or legend which gives information to help interpret the. Each draftsman will use specific symbols and abbreviations in the drawing to convey certain information. We need to know and understand the use of these symbols and abbreviations. Not everyone uses the same symbol or the same abbreviation for every drawing. Sometimes even compiled in the same building or by the same company are done by different individuals and not necessarily consistent in how they use symbols and/or abbreviations. When looking at a drawing, it is imperative that we understand the key or the legend for each drawing we are using. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends
Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends This is a small example of a plumbing legend
The drawing below would indicate a valve in a line of pipe. It could be a ball valve, or any other type. Not every draftsman uses the symbol to mean the same type valve. Using the key or legend to understand the symbols will save you time and money, or going back to replace a valve because you installed the wrong type. Remember the symbols are not used consistently across the board. Find the key or legend and be familiar with the ones used by the draftsman who has prepared your. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends
However there are a few symbols that seem to be used consistently and they are as follows: Is a symbol used to show a turn in the pipe. In this case the pipe turns to face you. This symbol is used from you. to show a pipe turns away Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Using the two symbols above, this symbol represents a trap. The pipe turns away from you and then turns back toward you. These are probably the only consistent symbols you may find in plumbing. The key or legend however will still show you this information.
Schedules Schedules are provided in the to give specific information about the equipment or fixtures in the building. In the plumbing it is not uncommon to find fixtures listed as a P-1 for plumbing fixture one and you would reference the schedule for the plumbing to find what a P-1 fixture is. Schedules may be found at the beginning of a group of or may be found at the end of a group of. Schedules provide information on various fixtures and equipment and may be grouped in a manner which may be displayed in more than one schedule for each set of. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules
To find more information on P-2 (seen below), you would reference the plumbing fixture schedule. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules
Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules
Special notes appear on to give us some specific information on a drawing that is referenced by a trigger. A trigger may be a number or a letter that is inside of a circle or some specifically shaped box. As in the schedules the letter or number will correspond to the same number or letter of special notes, and often appear on the same page of the drawing where the trigger is located. It is very important to pay attention to special notes as they may refer to one piece of the plumbing system that may be different than similar situations in the same building. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes
Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes
Details in a drawing are given to explain in detail, specific information about objects which may appear too small on the drawing. The detail will enlarge a specific area and give in detail what is required. Details also have their own specific reference like schedules and special notes. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes Details
Details may also be called out in a drawing Details as of specific locations may be called out in a drawing by enclosing of that area with a specific mark and touching into that mark a reference to another drawing to give its detail Area called out Reference to another drawing Find the drawing A 1.3 and look for detail number 4 Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes Details
This detail number is 4. Drawing A 1.3 shows the dimensions for this room that are not in the plumbing or the floor plan Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes Details Drawing page A 1.3 detail number 4
Drawings are given in two views, one is called plan view and the other an elevation view. The plan view gives the perspective of looking down from above. An elevation view gives the perspective of looking at a wall from the side. Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes Details Plan View 4 A 3.5 This example indicates an elevation view of the area in the direction it points. To find the elevation view of the wall or area find drawing page A 3.5 and look for an elevation drawing 4.
Plan View Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes Details Plan View
Elevation View Parts of a Drawing Title Box Keys & Legends Schedules Special Notes Details Plan View Elevation View
There are other types of that will be present in commercial drawing sets. Some of these will be parts of the detail and some will be additional information. In some detailed, you may find riser diagrams, which would be single line detail. You may also find orthographic and oblique, which are three dimensional in nature and give you information about size and shape of objects. Single line are not three dimensional, however, if drawn in what is called an isometric drawing. An isometric drawing is drawn on an angle to give the impression of a three dimensional drawing. Isometric are drawn with horizontal pipes on a 30 angle from horizontal, and the vertical lines remain vertical. When this is the way a drawing is presented, it gives the impression of a three dimensional view. Types of Drawings
Single line Single line are sometimes called schematics they can indicate the order for equipment and how the flow is between the equipment. Generally it is a line from point A to point B. and then to point C. and so forth. Single line are also used for riser diagrams, especially for plumbing systems and mechanical systems in multistory buildings. VTR EWC EWC Types of Drawings Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric SW EWC
Orthographic and oblique Orthographic and oblique are pictorial by nature giving a three dimensional view of an object. Types of Drawings Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric
Isometric Isometric are drawn on a 30 angle from horizontal. Using isometric graph paper will be the easiest way to do this. Isometric give us the opportunity to look at a single line drawing with a perspective of a three dimensional view. In this view it is very easy to size pipe and to take off fittings. Types of Drawings Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric
Isometric Types of Drawings Using specific graph paper for isometric, which give the 30 degree offset from horizontal. DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric
Isometric Types of Drawings Begin with a vertical pipe and draw a system using the graph paper. Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Types of Drawings Using the angle, add a line to represent a horizontal pipe. Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Types of Drawings Here, add a vertical line for another vertical pipe. Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Types of Drawings Another vertical pipe Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Types of Drawings Single line Horizontal pipe connecting Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Types of Drawings Single line Continue to draw the system. Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Types of Drawings Finally, add branches and you can size the pipe and take off the fittings required for this DWV battery. Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric DRAWN Name CHECKED Name ENGINEER Name APPROVED Name SCALE SIZE REV - DWG NUMBER SHEET
Isometric Using the isometric drawing figure 1 list pipe sizes for the following; A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U W X Whet is the fitting at Y What is the total DFUs at pipe A Types of Drawings Single line Orthographic and oblique Isometric
Specifications serve several purposes: They spell out the provisions of the contract and the responsibilities of the architect, the owner, the contractor, and the subcontractor. They supplement the working with detailed technical information about the work to be done and the material to be used. They support the and become part of the contract documents. Documentation TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Performance specifications specify the outcome of the construction activity and allow the contractor to decide how to perform the work. Documentation Technical Specifications Performance Specifications
Descriptive specifications tell the contractor exactly how to do a particular task. Documentation Technical Specifications Performance Specifications Descriptive Specifications
Standard (Reference) Specifications are developed by a party other than the project architect. Documentation Technical Specifications Performance Specifications Descriptive Specifications Standard Specifications
Documentation was once a secondary activity for the supervisor, but during the past decade, documentation has grown to become one of the most important tasks. The reason is simple: documentation is vital to a successful business. Documentation
The primary documents a contractor may require a supervisor to maintain are: Project communication Daily logs or reports Meeting minutes Photographs Schedule updates Time cards As-built Documentation
There are also certain closeout documents that must be completed at the end of a project before the owner accepts the final work. They include: Certificate of Occupancy Certificate of Substantial Completion Punch list Operation and maintenance manuals Warranties and guarantees Documentation
Criteria for Good Documentation Documentation 1. The documentation should be accurate. 2. The documentation should be objective. 3. The documentation should be complete. 4. The documentation should be uniform. 5. The documentation should be credible. 6. The documentation should be timely.
Throughout every project, supervisors have to communicate their thoughts, ideas, and actions to others. Verbal communication makes for poor documentation because it forces the parties involved to depend on their memories to recall facts and issues that may have been discussed months earlier. Supervisors should therefore use written correspondence when transmitting information to the owner, architectural engineer, contractors, and vendors. Documentation Communication
Correspondence includes formal letters, speed messages, memos, and other documents authorized by the company. A Request for Information (RFI), is written correspondence to request clarification about a problem. Documentation Communication
Other types of information that should be in writing are: Notification of delays Disruption of scheduled work activities Changes in project schedule Changes to and specifications Any problem that may result in a claim Documentation Communication
As-built are developed to show changes to the project as it is being built. These should be clearly identified, kept at the job site, and kept separate from other job. At the completion of the project, the asbuilt are submitted to the architectural engineer as part of the closeout documents. Documentation As-built
Documentation Noted in red on this As-Built the 4 Sanitary line has been moved. As-built
The daily log provides the following information on a daily basis: Facts about the work Work progress Special requirements or problems Notice of equipment and material deliveries Company and subcontractor personnel on site Visitors to the job, including the owner, architects, inspectors, testing agents, and anyone else who is not employed by the company Documentation Daily Log
The project schedule is an estimate of the time and the sequence of events necessary to get the job done and is critical to the timely completion of work. Documentation Schedule
Daily time reports should be completed every day and should contain information such as: Hours worked Areas or activities worked on Production rates Documentation Daily Time Reports
After construction has been completed, the project closeout documents still must be completed. Among the closeout documents usually required are: Certificate of Occupancy Certificate of Substantial Completion (Punch list) Operation and maintenance manuals Warranties and guarantees Documentation Closeout Documents
In summary, we need to understand the information given in a set of commercial. By understanding the information completely and correctly we save time and money. Reading commercial is an activity we get better at, the more we practice. It will be difficult to pick up a set of, and the first time be able to completely understand the information given. If used properly, and understood completely, can help a contractor to be successful in they re work on any project. Summary