Woodworking Tools Drills and Drivers Teacher s Guide
Introduction This Teacher s Guide provides information to help you get the most out of Drills and Drivers, part of the Woodworking Tools series. The contents in this guide will allow you to prepare your students before they use the program, assist them as they navigate through the content, and present followup activities to reinforce the material s key learning points. Woodworking Tools is a 16-part series of programs that address the safe operation of the most popular and useful types of woodworking tools. Each program delves into a different tool, including its purpose and associated parts. It teaches students how to choose the proper blade or bit for the task and perform the various woodworking operations that can be accomplished with a particular tool. The 16 videos in this series enable and encourage students to safely and creatively use power tools to their maximum proficiency. Drills and Drivers is a 17-minute video targeted to teenagers and young adults. Its content is appropriate to such curriculum areas as Technology Education, Trade, and Industrial Education. In addition, the information presented in Woodworking Tools could also be presented in vocational/ technical schools or adult education courses that focus on shop, carpentry, woodworking, or construction education and research. Learning Objectives After watching each video program in the series, students will be able to: Identify which tools are best for which job in the wood shop. Understand how to safely operate a variety of woodworking tools. Demonstrate how to safely clean, maintain, and sharpen a variety of woodworking tools. Explain how to change and adjust bits, blades, and other elements of a variety of woodworking tools. Educational Standards The Drills and Drivers video program correlates with the following standards: The competency standards for Core Curriculum and Carpentry from the National Center for Construction Education & Research; The State Standards of Essential Knowledge and Skills for Trade and Industrial Education (Construction-Maintenance Systems, High School) for the State of Texas; The Technology Education Standards (Tools, Resources, and Technological Processes) for the State of New York. 2.0 Career Cluster: Architecture and Construction Careers in designing, planning, managing, building and maintaining the built environment. (Competency Standards for Core Curriculum and Carpentry from the National Center for Construction Education & Research.) 2 The student knows the function and application of the tools, equipment, technologies, and materials used in construction carpentry. The student is expected to safely use hand and Copyright 2006 Shopware
power tools and equipment commonly employed in carpentry. The student demonstrates knowledge of new and emerging technologies that may affect construction carpentry. (Texas State Standards on Building Carpentry: Essential Knowledge and Skills for Trade and Industrial Education Construction-Maintenance Systems, High School) The student knows the function and application of the tools, equipment, technologies, and materials used in mill and cabinetmaking. The student is expected to safely use hand and power tools and equipment commonly employed in mill and cabinetmaking; properly handle and dispose of humanly and/or environmentally hazardous materials used in mill and cabinetmaking; utilize the proper procedures in sawing, planing, shaping, turning, boring, mortising, and sanding various types of woods; demonstrate knowledge of numerically-controlled and computer-controlled production devices; and demonstrate knowledge of new and emerging technologies that may affect mill and cabinetmaking. (Texas State Standards on Mill and Cabinetmaking: Essential Knowledge and Skills for Trade and Industrial Education Construction-Maintenance Systems, High School) The student applies technological knowledge and skills to design, construct, use, and evaluate products and systems to satisfy human and environmental needs. The student uses a variety of materials and energy sources to construct things; understands the importance of safety and ease of use in selecting tools and resources for a specific purpose; and develops basic skills in the use of hand tools. (New York State Standards on Technology Education Tools, Resources, and Technological Processes) Program Summary Regardless of whether a student wants to gain an overall understanding of the myriad of woodworking tools available in today s wood shops, or just focus on one specific tool s features and capabilities, the Woodworking Tools series will be an invaluable visual learning aid. By emphasizing safety issues, the series allows students to understand not only which tools are best for each kind of job in the wood shop, but also how to operate, clean, maintain, and sharpen the woodworking tools for maximum efficiency and safety. 3 The Woodworking Tools video program series consists of sixteen titles: Table Saws Cutoff Saws Radial Arm Saws Band and Scroll Saws Routers Jointers Planers Lathes Power Nailers Drill Press Drills and Drivers Stationary Sanders
Circular Saws Jigsaws and Reciprocating Saws Rotary Tools, Bench Grinders and Sharpeners Building a Workcenter Drills and Drivers presents a comprehensive review of the following for drills and drivers: basic operation; bits, drivers, and other accessories; safe operating techniques; and maintenance. Main Topics Topic 1: Introduction The program s host, Pete Bilotta, introduces the viewer to drilling and driving. Topic 2: Overview From right-angle cordless drills and drivers to hefty corded drills, the host takes a look at drill and driver features and advertised sizes, and explains how torque, speed, and power are affected by the gearset. Topic 3: Bits, Drivers, and Other Accessories The versatility of drills and drivers, made possible by the various bits, drivers, and accessories available, is the focus of this section. Topic 4: Safe Operating Techniques The host demonstrates how to operate drills and drivers safely in a variety of applications. Topic 5: Maintenance Even low-maintenance tools such as drills and drivers require periodic attention. The host reviews these maintenance items in this section. Topic 6: Key Points The program concludes with an overview of the key points that have been discussed. Fast Facts If, when trying to drive small brads into a piece of molding, you keep hitting your fingers and damaging the wood, try inserting the brad through a small piece of paper or tape, or using a pair of needle-nosed pliers, to hold the brad in place until it's firmly set. The more volts a cordless drill has, the faster the motor spins, and the more torque is created. In addition, the more volts, the heavier the drill is. 4 The Ah rating (ampere hours) gives an idea of how long a battery will last. If a 12-volt battery is available with 1.8 Ah or 2.4 Ah, both should provide the same power initially, but the 2.4 Ah battery will last 30% longer.
When it comes to driving bits, patterns are available to fit all types of screw heads, including slotted screws, Phillips head, clutch head, Robertson head or square-drive, and TORX or star head. When drilling a small diameter hole, speed is more important than torque. This is why most drills and drivers are equipped with a two- or three-speed gearset. To convert inch-pounds into foot-pounds, divide the inch-pound value by 12. For example, a drill or driver rated at 450 inch-pounds will produce 37 1 /2 foot-pounds of torque. The heart of any drill or driver is a variable-speed electric motor, which is controlled by a speed-sensitive trigger switch in the handle. Maximum operating speeds typically range from a low of 600 rpm for large corded drills, up to 1800 rpm or more for cordless drills and drivers. Depending on the model, the motor shaft is supported at both ends by bearings, bushings, or a combination of the two. Carbon steel hole saws, which are relatively inexpensive, are designed for boring holes in wood, plastic, and composites, while the more expensive bi-metal hole saw can be used for cutting holes in metal and virtually any other machineable material. Hammer drills are rated in both rpm (for speed) and bpm (for blows per minute). Vocabulary Terms awl: A pointed tool used for marking surfaces or punching small holes. blows per minute (bpm): How hammer drills are rated. brad point bit: Essentially a twist drill with a centering point flanked by two spurs, the bit s center point prevents the bit from wandering, while the spurs cut a cleaner hole than a standard twist drill. center punch: A tool with a sharp point used in metalworking to mark centers or center lines on pieces to be drilled. chisel: A metal tool with a sharp beveled edge, used to cut and shape stone, wood, or metal. chuck: Also called a drill chuck, it is a hole on the side of a drill into which a key is inserted to tighten or loosen the drill s hold on bits or related tools. 5 clutch: Many drills and drivers are equipped with a clutch mechanism that limits the amount of applied torque. When the torque limit is reached at a particular setting, the clutch mechanism will ratchet, prohibiting further rotation of the chuck. The clutch on most tools has 22 drive settings, with 1 applying the least amount of torque and 22 applying the greatest.
cutting oil: Oil that helps prevent overheating and premature bit wear. depth stop: A device with a stop rod that, once the rod contacts the material, prevents the bit from drilling any further. electric impact drivers: Drivers that create even greater torque output. fence: A piece of lath or scrap fixed to the bench surface to prevent movement of the work. Forstner bits: A type of drill bit designed for cutting clean, flat-bottomed holes. hammer drill: In addition to rotating the bit, this tool pulses the bit back and forth. Rated in both rpm (revolutions per minute) for speed and bpm (blows per minute), hammer drills are designed for both ordinary drilling and impact drilling. The desired function is determined by the position of a switch or knob. hole saw: A hole saw consists of a cylindrical saw blade along with a mandrel and pilot drill. Although technically not drill bits, hole saws are designed for boring large holes in wood and other materials. high speed steel (HSS): A form of tool steel; HSS bits bits are much more resistant to the effect of heat. They can be used to drill in metal, hardwood, and most other materials at greater cutting speeds than carbon steel bits and have largely replaced them in commercial applications. induction motor: A motor designed for heavy-duty use; it is relatively quiet due to its brushless design. plug cutter: An accessory used for making screw covers. rotary rasp: An accessory used for shaping. sanding drum: An accessory used for smoothing inside and outside curves. shank: The part of the drill that connects the functioning head to the handle. spade bits: Bits that are designed for drilling large holes where a surface finish is not critical. The long tip provides easy centering, while the chisel-like blades on either side remove material quickly. To limit splintering, spade bits are available with spurs on either side of the centering tip. spindle: Also called the quill, the spindle is a hollow shaft that revolves and serves as an axis when gears are engaged. 6 straightedge: A rigid flat rectangular bar, as of wood or metal, with a straight edge for testing or drawing straight lines.
straight shank percussion-type masonry bit: A bit that provides the best performance when drilling in masonry. tapered bit: An accessory used for countersinking holes. torque output: When it comes to power, drills and drivers are rated according to torque output, with professional-grade models generating as much as 450 inch-pounds or more. Pre-Program Discussion Questions 1. Do you know what torque is and how it is produced with a drill or driver? 2. Can you explain how drills and drivers are rated for power? 3. What are the most commonly used bits for drilling wood? Post-Program Discussion Questions 1. What is a chuck? Is there more than one type of chuck? If so, what are the types and what is the difference between them? 2. On what is the advertised size of drills and drivers based, and what are the most popular sizes? 3. How do you increase output speed? 4. What can happen if you apply excessive torque when using a drill or driver? What component helps you limit the amount of applied torque? How does it work? 5. What driving bit patterns and accessories can drills and drivers accept? Individual Student Projects Ask your students to write a paper that addresses the importance of and safety issues regarding using the right bit and proper torque setting when setting screws with a drill or driver. Examples of proper pairings for various applications should be cited. 7
Group Activities Divide your students into groups and assign one of the following tasks: Drill a piece of metal Drill a piece of wood without tearout Drill a loose board Drill holes to specific depths using the adjustable depth stop Properly maintain a drill and driver Have each group discuss, write down, and practice the steps necessary to complete the task, then demonstrate the safe and proper technique for the task. Discuss with your class how to prevent injury if a bit jams while drilling a large diameter hole. Also review which bit is best for drilling in masonry. Then split the class in half and have each group practice drilling large holes in wood and masonry to compare and contrast the techniques used. Internet Activities Have your students research possible projects on the Web sites listed later in this guide, locating steps in the project that call for the use of drills or drivers. This will provide practical applications for the procedures that are shown in the video. 8
Assessment Questions Q1: Into what device are drill bits, drivers, and other accessories inserted? Q2: On what is the advertised size of drills and drivers based? Q3: If the drive gear has 16 teeth and the driven gear has 32 teeth, what is the gear ratio? Q4: What is more important when drilling a small diameter hole torque or speed? Q5: To convert inch-pounds into foot-pounds, you must divide the inch-pound value by what number? a) 4 b) 8 c) 12 d) 16 Q6: What are the benefits of drill bits that are marked HSS? Q7: True or False: Drills can only accept bits that are the same capacity as their chuck. Q8: How are hammer drills rated? Q9: What should you ensure that you do NOT do when gripping a drill or driver? Q10: True or False: To help keep the drill bit perpendicular to the work, hold the bit in the corner of two scrap blocks joined at 45 degrees. 9
Assessment Questions Answer Key Q1: Into what device are drill bits, drivers, and other accessories inserted? A1: They are all inserted into a device called a chuck. Q2: On what is the advertised size of drills and drivers based? A2: The advertised size of drills and drivers is based on the opening diameter of the chuck. Q3: If the drive gear has 16 teeth and the driven gear has 32 teeth, what is the gear ratio? A3: The gear ratio is 2:1. Q4: What is more important when drilling a small diameter hole torque or speed? A4: When drilling a small diameter hole, speed is more important than torque. This is why most drills and drivers are equipped with a two- or three-speed gearset. Q5: To convert inch-pounds into foot-pounds, you must divide the inch-pound value by what number? a) 4 b) 8 c) 12 d) 16 A5: (c) Q6: What are the benefits of drill bits that are marked HSS? A6: HSS signifies bits made of high speed steel. These bits last far longer than cheaper bits and give the added capability of drilling metal without burning the bit. Q7: True or False: Drills can only accept bits that are the same capacity as their chuck. A7: False. To allow drills to accept bits larger than the capacity of their chuck, bits larger than 3/8 of an inch are manufactured with a reduced shank. Q8: How are hammer drills rated? A8: Hammer drills are rated in both rpm for speed and bpm for blows per minute. Q9: What should you ensure that you do NOT do when gripping a drill or driver? A9: When gripping the tool, be careful not to cover the vent holes, as this could cause the tool to overheat. Q10: True or False: To help keep the drill bit perpendicular to the work, hold the bit in the corner of two scrap blocks joined at 45 degrees. A10: False. Hold the bit in the corner of two scrap blocks joined at 90 degrees. 10
Additional Resources About.com: Woodworking http://woodworking.about.com Encarta Encyclopedia: Woodworking http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570306/woodworking.html Inside Woodworking: Free Online Woodworking Magazine http://www.inside-woodworking.com/tools/powertools.html WoodNet.net: The Woodworker s Online Resource http://www.woodnet.net/tips/index Woodworker s Information and Plans for Woodworkers: WOOD Magazine http://www.woodmagazine.com Woodworking Shop Safety Tips http://www.wood-worker.com/articles/shop_safety.htm Woodzone.com http://www.woodzone.com/tips.htm Available from Films Media Group www.filmsmediagroup.com 1-800-257-5126 Multimedia Woodshop Safety Windows/Macintosh CD-ROM #20466 Multimedia Woodshop Safety uses video and animation sequences, along with still photos, to provide an overview of shop practices including stationary woodworking equipment, portable power and hand tools, as well as material storage and handling. In addition to the usual shop safety practices, the user is also reminded of the hazards of horseplay, loose clothing, and lack of concentration on the job. As the viewer moves into the arenas of stationary woodworking equipment and power tools, he is guided through an inspection for evidence of loose fittings, bad wiring and/or grounding, and poor tool use of lathe, drill press, and band and bench saws. The program segment dealing with materials storage offers ideas which facilitate safety and accessibility. Issues of wood stacking, container labeling, chemical mixing, hazardous materials handling, and lighting are addressed. Part of the Series Shop Safety. A Shopware Production. 1996. 11 Portable Power Woodworking Tools VHS/DVD-R #26093 9-part series This series features the most popular and useful types of woodworking tools. Students learn the safe operation of each tool, the different models and their purpose, the parts, choosing the proper blade or bit for the task, and the various woodworking operations that can be accomplished with each tool. A Meridian Production. The series includes: Biscuit Joiner Circular Saws Drills
Jigsaws Power Plane Reciprocating Saw Router Bit Magic Routers Sanders. (14-20 minutes each) Safety First: Woodworking Safety VHS/DVD-R #14464 Closed captioned Covers the most common hand tools and their proper applications. The importance of a clean working environment, preventive maintenance on machinery, and using the correct tool for each job is covered in detail. Also covered are how to check power cords for defects, sharpening and replacing saw blades, and correct body position when using equipment. Part of the series Safety First: Shop Safety. A Cambridge Educational Production. (30 minutes) 1995. Woodworking VHS/DVD-R #26839 19-part series This comprehensive library of low-cost woodworking videos provides all of the information your students need in the world of woodworking, from types of wood, to cutting techniques, to workshop safety. Each video covers a specific topic clearly and comprehensively, giving enormous flexibility in the classroom. Use videos to complement your lesson plans, to introduce new material, to review safety procedures, or as a handy reference for students who need additional help. A Meridian Production. The series includes: Cabinet Doors and Hinges Cabinet Drawers Chamfers and Bevels Crosscutting Cutting Curves and Circles Dados and Rabbets Gluing and Clamping How to Safely Build with Pressure Treated Wood Joinery Measuring Hardwoods Miter Joints Outdoor Uses of Pressure Treated Wood Preparing Hardwood to Use Ripping Safety in the Workshop Smoothing Wood Uses of Hardwood Using Veneers What Is Hardwood. (8-14 minutes each) Woodworking Equipment Safety VHS/DVD-R #20422 15-part series Closed captioned This series of fifteen live-action videotapes shows students the proper safety procedures for the set-up and use of stationary and portable woodworking equipment. Viewers are guided through the step-by-step procedures for using safety guards, clamping devices, protective equipment, and more. An excellent series for introducing new students to the joys of safe woodworking and also as a refresher course for experienced craftsmen. A Shopware Production. The series includes: Router Safety Portable Drill Safety Saber Saw Safety Portable Circular Saw Safety Portable Sander Safety Drill Press Safety Scroll Saw Safety Shaper Safety Wood Lathe Safety Jointer Safety Thickness Planer Safety Band Saw Safety Radial Arm Saw Safety Table Saw Safety Disk/Belt Sander Safety. (13-33 minutes each) 12
Woodworking Power Tools VHS/DVD-R #26837 5-part series Closed captioned This series of live-action videotapes details both basic and advanced operational techniques for each of the five most important and useful woodworking power tools. Clear, sharp, color video graphically portrays the proper operation of each machine, and the correct use of its associated accessories. Close-ups detail how each machine performs cutting, forming, or shaping operations. Shaping procedures and considerations are stressed throughout, emphasizing the proper use of each machine s safety guards. Personal safety procedures and equipment are also thoroughly covered, along with proper housekeeping methods which can help assure that accidents do not occur. This series is recommended for all woodworking students as well as the home craftsman. A Meridian Production. The series includes: Band Saw: Operation & Safety Jointer/Surfacer & Accessories: Operation & Safety Radial Arm Saw: Operation & Safety Table Saw & Accessories: Operation & Safety Wood Lathe & Accessories: Operation & Safety. (14 minutes each) Woodworking Tools VHS/DVD-R #26836 7-part series This series explains the basic operation of each woodworking tool, how each is adjusted, how blades are changed, and how each is used for specialty operations. Safety is stressed throughout. A Meridian Production. The series includes: Band Saw Drill Press Jointer Planer Shaper Table Saw: Safety and Basic Operation Table Saw: Specialty Operations. (7-26 minutes each) 13
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