GPI RAS Effect of random hydrodynamic inhomogeneities on lowfrequency sound propagation loss in shallow water Session: 1pAO8 (session in Honor of Stanley Flatté II) Andrey A. Lunkov, Valeriy G. Petnikov Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences 158 th meeting of the ASA 26-3 October San Antonio, Texas
depth, m 5 Sound absorption in the bottom Representation of the sound propagation in terms of mode theory (Brillouin rays) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 range, km 11 Sound Near-bottom Bottom-surface source mode mode at low frequencies (up to several kilohertz), the absorption coefficient in water is negligible in comparison with that in the bottom; during long-range propagation (dozens of kilometers), the rays suffer multiple interactions with the bottom that results in a significant energy loss.
Principal factors influencing the sound interaction with the bottom during long-range waveguide propagation Deterministic: parameters and structure of the seabed sound frequency sound speed profile in the water column (summer and winter conditions) source depth (mode structure) Random: interface roughness (surface waves), inhomogeneities of the medium (internal waves)
References S.T. McDaniel, D.F. McCammon. Mode coupling and environmental sensitivity of shallow-water propagation loss predictions. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1987. V.82(1). P.217-223. D. Rouseff, T.E. Ewart. Effect of random sea surface and bottom roughness on propagation in shallow water. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1995. V.98(6). P.3397-344. B.G. Katsnelson, V.M. Kuz kin, S.A. Pereselkov, V.G. Petnikov. Sound wave attenuation in shallow water with rough boundaries. 1998. ICA/ASA Proceedings, Seattle, P.2713-2714. J. Xun Zhou et al. Geoacoustic parameters in a stratified sea bottom from shallow-water acoustic propagation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1987. V.82(6). P.268 274.
Problem statement Problem: Effect of random surface and internal waves on the average longrange low-frequency sound propagation loss in typical shallow water acoustic waveguides (the Barents Sea and the US Atlantic Shelf), in different seasons. The sound field amplitude is averaged over both the waveguide depth and the interval of interference beating, and over ten independent realizations of random inhomogeneity as well. Instrument: Numerical simulations using mode theory. Purpose: Should we take into account random surface and internal waves while estimating energy characteristics of a hydroacoustic system or evaluating the effective bottom parameters?
Basic relations (1) P( r, ϕ, f ) = 1 H H M m p m ( r, ϕ, z, f ) 2 dz Single source z φ r (2) P( r, ϕ, f ) B( r, ϕ, f ) = 2lg + 1lg P( r, ϕ, f ) r in r in Receiving array where r in H p m is the initial range [km], is the waveguide depth [m], is the m-th mode amplitude [Pa] at the frequency f (3) β ( r ) = db dr is the local sound attenuation coefficient [db/km]
Initial data for numerical simulations The US Atlantic Shelf Sound speed, m/s 148 149 15 151 152 153 The Barents Sea Sound speed, m/s 1465 147 1475 148 depth, m 2 4 6 summer winter depth, m 2 4 6 8 1 summer winter 8 12 Seabed parameters: sound speed 16 m/s density 18 kg/m 3 absorption coefficient 1.7*1-4 f 1.6 db/km/hz Frequency band 1 to 5 Hz Range interval 1 to 15 km
Principal factors influencing the sound interaction with the bottom during long-range waveguide propagation Deterministic: parameters and structure of the seabed sound frequency sound speed profile in the water column (summer and winter conditions) source depth (mode structure) Random: interface roughness (surface waves), inhomogeneities of the medium (internal waves)
Sound speed profile in the water column The US Atlantic Shelf The Barents Sea depth, m Sound speed, m/s 148 149 15 151 152 153-2 summer -4 winter -6-8 depth, m Sound speed, m/s 1465 147 1475 148 summer -2 winter -4-6 -8-1 -12 Sound source at the depth of the first mode maximum Propagation loss, db -5-1 z s = 4m summer winter z s = 4m -15 5 1 15 range, km 5Hz Propagation loss, db -1-2 -3-4 z s = 1m summer winter z s = 6m -5 5 1 15 range, km
Principal factors influencing the sound interaction with the bottom during long-range waveguide propagation Deterministic: parameters and structure of the seabed sound frequency sound speed profile in the water column (summer and winter conditions) source depth (mode structure) Random: interface roughness (surface waves), inhomogeneities of the medium (internal waves)
Wind-driven surface gravity waves Ray propagation in a shallow waveguide in the presence of surface waves rough sea surface seabed sound source surface waves modeling is conducted using the Pierson-Neumann spectrum; for 12 m/s wind speed, the rms of the surface roughness is 1.2 m
Surface waves spectrum S( Ω) = 2.4Ω 6 g exp 2 Ων 2 Frequency spectrum (Pierson-Neumann) gravitational acceleration Ω = g k ~ wind speed Dispersion relation m 2 /Hz 1.5 1.5 7 m/s 9 m/s 12 m/s wave number of the surface wave Q( k ~, ϕ) = g 1 2 S( ~ 2k 3 2 ~ gk ) cos 2 ϕ.2.4.6.8 1 frequency, Hz Spatial spectrum wind direction (we assume φ=)
Internal waves in Shallow Water 6 experiment Thermocline vertical displacements in SW 6 2 1 ζ iw, m -1 a) m 2 *h -2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 time, h 1 2 1 1-2 b) Average spectrum of the vertical displacements 1-4 1-2 1-1 1 1 1 1 2 frequency, cph
Effect of random internal and surface waves on 5-Hz sound propagation loss The US Atlantic shelf The Barents Sea Propagation loss, db -5-1 -15-2 -25-3 -35-4 summer, z s = 4m winter, z s = 4m winter, z s = 8m summer, z s = 8m Propagation loss, db -1-2 -3-4 -5 winter, z s = 6m summer, z s = 1m winter, z s = 12m summer, z s = 12m -45 5 1 15 range, km -6 5 1 15 range, km propagation loss without random inhomogeneities in the presence of internal waves in the presence of surface waves (ν wind = 12 m/s)
Effect of random internal and surface waves on 1-Hz sound propagation loss The US Atlantic shelf The Barents Sea Propagation loss, db -5-1 -15-2 -25 winter, z s = 4m summer, z s = 4m winter, z s = 8m Propagation loss, db -5-1 -15-2 winter, z s = 6m summer, z s = 1m winter, z s = 12m summer, z s = 8m summer, z s = 12m -3 5 1 15 range, km -25 5 1 15 range, km propagation loss without random inhomogeneities in the presence of internal waves in the presence of surface waves (ν wind = 12 m/s)
Summary We obtain the following trends for average sound field in the presence of surface and internal waves: Effect of random hydrodynamic inhomogeneities on sound propagation loss becomes more pronounced with frequency increase. Wind-driven surface waves strongly affect sound propagation in winter conditions (e.g., for 5-Hz frequency, 12 m/s wind speed, and 15 km range, average intensity of the sound field is three times less than that in an unperturbed waveguide). Internal waves have a weaker effect on propagation loss than surface waves. Of specific interest, one can obtain a situation where internal waves reduce propagation loss.