Figure 12-1 (p. 578) Block diagram of a sinusoidal oscillator using an amplifier with a frequencydependent feedback path.
Figure 12-2 (p. 579) General circuit for a transistor oscillator. The transistor may be either a bipolar junction transistor or a field effect transistor. This circuit can be used for common emitter/source, base/gate, or collector/drain configurations by grounding either V 2, V 1, or V 4, respectively. Feedback is provided by connecting node V 3 to V 4.
Figure 12-3 (p. 581) Transistor oscillator circuits using a common-emitter BJT. (a) Colpitts oscillator. (b) Hartley oscillator.
Figure 12-4 (p. 584) (a) Equivalent circuit of a crystal. (b) Input reactance of a crystal resonator.
Figure 12-5 (p. 585) Pierce crystal oscillator circuit.
Figure 12-6 (p. 585) Circuit for a one-port negative-resistance oscillator.
Figure 12-7 (p. 587) Load matching circuit for the one-port oscillator of Example 12.2.
Figure 12-8 (p. 587) Circuit for a two-port transistor oscillator.
Figure 12-9a (p. 589) Circuit design for the transistor oscillator of Example 12.3. (a) Oscillator circuit.
Figure 12-9b (p. 589) (b) Smith chart for determining T.
Figure 12-10 (p. 590) (a) Geometry of a dielectric resonator coupled to a microstripline; (b) equivalent circuit.
Figure 12-11 (p. 591) (a) Dielectric resonator oscillator using parallel feedback; (b) dielectric resonator oscillator using series feedback.
Figure 12-12a (p. 593) (a) Circuit for the dielectric resonator of Example 12.4.
Figure 12-12b (p. 593) (b) out vs. frequency in Example 12.4.
Figure 12-13 (p. 594) Output spectrum of a typical RF oscillator.
Figure 12-14 (p. 596) Feedback amplifier model for characterizing oscillator phase noise.
Figure 12-15 (p. 596) Noise power versus frequency for an amplifier with an applied input signal.
Figure 12-16 (p. 597) Idealized power spectral density of amplifier noise, including 1/f and thermal components.
Figure 12-17 (p. 597) Power spectral density of phase noise at the output of an oscillator. (a) Response for f h > f (low Q). (b) Response for f h > f (high Q).
Figure 12-18 (p. 598) Illustrating how local oscillator phase noise can lead to the reception of undesired signals adjacent to the desired signal.
Figure 12-19 (p. 600) Conceptual circuit for the derivation of the Manley-Row relations.
Figure 12-20 (p. 602) Block diagram of a diode frequency multiplier.
Figure 12-21 (p. 603) Conceptual circuit for the derivation of power relations in a resistive frequency multiplier.
Figure 12-22 (p. 605) Circuit diagram of an FET frequency multiplier. The transistor is modeled using a unilateral equivalent circuit.
Figure 12-23 (p. 606) Voltage and currents in the FET multiplier (doubler) circuit of Figure 12.22. (a) Gate voltage when the transistor is biased just below pinch-off. (b) Drain current, which conducts when the gate voltage is above the threshold voltage. (c) Drain voltage when the load resonator is tuned to the second harmonic.
Figure 12-24 (p. 609) Power versus frequency performance of solid-state sources and microwave tubes.
Figure 12-25 (p. 610) Power versus frequency performance of Gunn diodes. pulsed; continuous.
Figure 12-26 (p. 611) Two Gunn diode sources. The unit on the left is a mechanically tunable E-band source, while the unit on the right is a varactor-tuned V-band source. Photograph courtesy of Millitech Corp., Northampton, MA.
Figure 12-27 (p. 611) Power versus frequency performance of IMPATT diodes.
Figure 12-28 (p. 614) Power versus frequency performance of microwave oscillator tubes.
Figure 12-29 (p. 615) Power versus frequency performance of microwave amplifier tubes.
Figure 12-30 (p. 617) Frequency conversion using a mixer. (a) Up-conversion. (b) Down-conversion.
Figure 12-31 (p. 621) (a) Circuit for a single-ended diode mixer. (b) Idealized equivalent circuit.
Figure 12-32 (p. 622) Variation of FET transconductance versus gate-to-source voltage.
Figure 12-33 (p. 623) Circuit for a single-ended FET mixer.
Figure 12-34 (p. 623) Equivalent circuit for the FET mixer of Figure 12.33.
Figure 12-35 (p. 625) Balanced mixer circuits. (a) Using a 90 hybrid. (b) Using a 180 hybrid.
Figure 12-36 (p. 626) Photograph of a 35 GHz microstrip monopulse radar receiver circuit. Three balanced mixers using ring hybrids are shown, along with three stepped-impedance low-pass filters, and six quadrature hybrids. Eight feedlines are aperture coupled to microstrip antennas on the reverse side. The circuit also contains a Gunn diode source for the local oscillator. Courtesy of Millitech Corporation.
Figure 12-37 (p. 628) Circuit for an image reject mixer.
Figure 12-38 (p. 629) Double balanced mixer circuit.
Figure 12-39 (p. 630) A differential FET mixer.
Figure 12-40 (p. 630) Subharmonically pumped mixer using an antiparallel diode pair.