The Relations between Defence and Civil Technologies

The Relations between Defence and Civil Technologies

NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge. with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A B Life Sciences Physics Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London Springer-Yerlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, London, Paris and Tokyo Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences - Vol, 46

The Relations between Defence and Civil Technologies edited by Philip Gummett Department of Science and Technology Policy, University of Manchester, U.K. and Judith Reppy Peace Studies Programme, Cornell University, U.S.A. ~. "Springer-Science-Business Media, B.Y. Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Relationship between Defence and Civil Technologies Wiston House, Sussex, U.K. 21-25 September, 1987 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Resea rch Wor kshop on the Relat : nnship between Defence and Civil Technologies (1987 : Steyning. England) The relations between defence and civil technolog ies! edited by Philip Gummett and Jud ith Reppy. p. em. -- (NATO ASI series. Series D. Behavioural and social sciences ; vol. 46) "Proceed ings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Relationship between Defence and Ci vi l Technologies. Wiston Ho use. Sussex. UK. 21-25 September. 1987"--T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Aff airs Divi sion. " Inc Iudes bib Ii ograph i es and j ndex. 1. Resea rch. Industrial--Congre sses. 2. r~ i I itar y research -Congresses. 1. Gummet t. Philip. II. Reppy. Judith. 1937 III. North Atlantic Treaty Organ iz at ion. Sc ientif Ic Affa irs Divi sion. IV. Title. V. SerIes: NATO ASI series. Series D. Behavioural and so cial sciences ; no. 46. T175.N296 1987 355. 07- - dc I9 ISBN 978-90-481-8312-8 ISBN 978-94-015-7803-5 (ebook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-015-7803-5 88-13473 CIP All Rights Reserved Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht 1988 Originally published by K1uwer Academic Publishers in 1988. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

CONTENTS Preface Introduction Philip Gummett and Judith Reppy PART 1 : CONCEPTS, APPROACHES, MEASUREMENT CHAPTER 1. From components to integrated systems: Technological diversity and integrations between the military and civilian sectors. William Walker, Mac Graham and Bernard Harbor. CHAPTER 2. Spin-off: a fundamentalist approach. Ulrich Albrecht. CHAPTER 3. Some views on industry perspectives on civil and military R&D. Antony Clementson. CHAPTER 4. Assessing the impact of federal industrial R&D expenditure on private R&D activity in the United States. Frank R. Lichtenberg. CHAPTER 5. Technology and Trade: Does military R&D make a difference? Judith Reppy. CHAPTER 6. The relationship between military and civil technology: a historical perspective. David Edgerton. PART 2: COUNTRY STUDIES CHAPTER 7. Interdiffusion of military and civil technologies in the United States of America. Alexander H. Flax CHAPTER 8. The need - and opportunity - for greater 138 integration of defence and civil technologies in the United States. Jacques S. Gansler CHAPTER 9. Civilian exploitation of defence R&D in 159 the UK. N. H. Hughes. CHAPTER 10. A UK initiative for the transfer of 166 technologies from defence to civil sector. Bernard Herdan. vii 1 15 17 38 58 68 88 106 115 117

emphasising the dimensions that civil technology. CHAPTER 11. The relationship between defence and 180 civil technologies: policy of the French Ministry of Defence. S. Bindel CHAPTER 12. Foreign technology and local innovation: 190 some lessons from Spanish defence industry experience. Jose Molero. CHAPTER 13. Recent trends in R&D in Italy and in 213 military R&D in particular G. Graziola and M. Nones CHAPTER 14. A small country perspective: military- 227 civil technological relations in the Netherlands. Michiel Schwarz and Luc Soete PART 3. INDIVIDUAL TECHNOLOGIES 241 CHAPTER 15. Determinants of spin-off in the context 243 of SDI: the VHSIC programme. Bernd W. Kubbig CHAPTER 16. Adaptation of new technology: the case 259 of servo technology in Norway 1947-1956. Olav Wicken CHAPTER 17. Defence - civil relations in the 277 development of new materials technology in Britain. Philip Gummett and lain Bate PARTICIPANTS 296 INDEX 301

PREFACE This book arises from a meeting held at Wiston House, Sussex, UK, in September 1987. The meeting brought together academic, governmental and industrial experts from eight countries to discuss the increasingly important subject of the relations between civil and defence technologies. It was primarily funded under the Advanced Research Workshops Programme of NATO's Scientific Affairs Division, and was the first science policy workshop funded by the Programme. Additional financial support came from the Leverhulme Trust. The choice of topic, of speakers and, finally, of papers to be published was entirely ours. The conclusions reached were our own and those of the participants. They were not in any way guided by NATO; nor do they represent NATO policy. We speak for all the participants in offering our thanks to the NATO SCIentific Affairs Division, especially Secretary General Durand and Dr. Craig Sinclair, for rnei r- generosity and encouragement. WIthout them this book would not exist. We thank the Leverhulme Trust for enabling assistance to be provided to the Workshop Directors, in the form of lain Bate, who himself played a major part in the success of the meeting. The staff of Wiston House must also be thanked for providing an admirable environment for the meeting. For secretarial support prior to the meeting we thank Gill Miller and Lesley Price. Finally, we offer special thanks to Mrs. Yvonne Aspinall for converting all the papers, in wha tever state they were presented, into camera-ready copy with such professionalism and good humour. Philip Gummett Judith Reppy vii