The Global Positioning System II Field Experiments 5-1
Mexico DGPS Field Campaign Cenotes in Tamaulipas, MX, near Aldama 5-2
Are Cenote Water Levels Related? 5-3
DGPS Static Survey of Cenote Water Levels 5-4
Determining Orthometric Heights Ortho. Height = H.A.E. Geoid Height Height above MSL (Orthometric height) H.A.E. Earth Surface Geoid height = H.A.E. Geoid Ellipsoid Geoid Height 5-5
Determining Orthometric Heights Ortho. Height = (H.A.E. Geoid Height) Need: 1) Ellipsoid model GRS80 NAVD88 reference stations: HARN (+ 2 cm), CORS (+ ~2 cm) 2) Geoid model GEOID99 ( + 5 cm for US) Procedure: Base receiver at reference station, rover at point of interest a) measure HAE, apply DGS corrections b) subtract local Geoid Height 5-6
Sources of Error Geoid error model less well constrained in areas of few gravity measurement NAVD88 error benchmark stability, measurement errors GPS errors need precise ephemeri, tropospheric delay model, equipment (antennae should be same for base and rover) 5-7
Static Carrier-phase solutions obtained by: Commercial post-processing software e.g. Trimble Pathfinder office Web-based Precise Point Position Services Automated Gipsy JPL/NASA - global SCOUT Scripps, UCSB - global OPUS NGS (US and territories) All services require files in RINEX format 5-8
Results Horizontal accuracies of <1 cm Vertical accuracies of 2-5 cm for 4 hrs of data 5-9
GPS Applications Today Surveying Tectonics, Cadastre, Geodesy Map Making georeferencing, field studies Navigation vehicles, missiles, robots, etc. Tracking people, vehicles, pets Geotagging apply coordinates to digital data (photos, etc.) Clock Synchronization (+ 10 ns) 5-10
Two techniques: GPS and Geologic Mapping GPS receiver and separate, gridded paper maps Mapping-grade receiver with mapping software and interactive touch screen 5-11
Low-Tech Mapping Gridded maps/photos, pencil, GPS receiver 719 900 720 000 720 100 720 200 720 300 720 400 720 500 720 600 720 700 720 800 720 900 721 000 721 100 721 200 721 300 721 400 721 500 721 600 721 700 721 800 494 9600 494 9500 494 9400 494 9300 494 9200 494 9100 494 9000 494 8900 494 8800 494 8700 494 8600 494 8500 494 8400 494 8300 UTM NAD83 13N Spence 7.5 ' Quad. 200 0 200 400 600 Meters 1:12,002 Contour Interval = 20 feet MN Õ16 degrees True N is ~1 degrees East of grid N. 12
High-Tech Mapping Tools Mobile Apps PDF Maps igis Collector 22
High-Tech Mapping Tools App Distinctions Will maps work offline? Will GPS work offline? Does it drop pins, geotag photos, notes etc.? E.g. PDFMaps and many others free Apps Does it allow capture of lines and polygons too? E.g. igis, FieldMove, Collector and a few others; free to $$ 23
Assisted GPS (A-GPS) Mobile Devices with GPS and WiFi or Cellular Service, e.g. LBS (location-based services)-capable phone 1. GPS Almanac provided from Server; TTFF faster position found by phone (Mobile Station Assisted: MSA GPS ) 2. GPS data sent to server, position sent back (Mobile Station Based: MSB GPS ) 5-24
Receiver attributes # of Channels One channel required for each frequency (L1, +/- L2) 8 minimum (4 SVs); 12 or more desirable Antenna Remote, fixed Power source Internal, external Data Storage Way-points vs. data logging Positions vs. raw data Data upload & download Data dictionary upload for storing positions by attributes (pt., line, area) 5-25
Receiver attributes DGPS capable Beacon antenna for real-time DGPS Download and post-process WAAS capable Ionosphere Correction or model Dual channel vs. single channel receiver Troposphere model? 5-26
Recent Developments Hand-held equipment Field GIS WAAS, LAAS Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) European Union Galileo System (2014) and EGNOS SBAS Russia - GLONASS (23 SVs) + SBAS services Chinese BeiDou Navigational System (BDS); 14 SVs, 35 by 2020; +SBAS services) Regional Satellite Systems Gagan India (2012) Japan MSAS (QZSS?) 5-30
SBAS Service Areas Source: Wikipedia, 2015 SBAS = Satellite Based Augmentation Systems 5-31