Atmospheric Attenuation vs. Altitude for US Std Conditions 100000 10000 Attenuation (db/km) 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0 ft 5000 ft 10000 ft 15000 ft 20000 ft 25000 ft 30000 ft 35000 ft 40000 ft 45000 ft 50000 ft 55000 ft 60000 ft 0.0001 0.00001 0.00E+00 1.00E+11 2.00E+11 3.00E+11 4.00E+11 5.00E+11 6.00E+11 7.00E+11 8.00E+11 9.00E+11 1.00E+12 Frequency (Hz) Technology and Market Trends in Millimeter Waves Doug Lockie President, Endgate Associates April 27, 2012 IEEE PHoenix
Presenters Background
Atmospheric Attenuation Defines Applications for Millimeter Waves Atmospheric Attenuation vs. Altitude for US Std Conditions 100000 10000 Attenuation (db/km) 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.00E+00 1.00E+11 2.00E+11 3.00E+11 4.00E+11 5.00E+11 6.00E+11 7.00E+11 8.00E+11 9.00E+11 1.00E+12 Frequency (Hz) Loss to 100 db/km Provides Terrestrial Value 0 ft 5000 ft 10000 ft 15000 ft 20000 ft 25000 ft 30000 ft 35000 ft 40000 ft 45000 ft 50000 ft 55000 ft 60000 ft
Antenna Size Vs Frequency Size for a 1 Degree Beam 1 Inch Antenna 8 Degrees - 26 dbi
Transmit Antenna Gain (40 to 56 db) Link Margin Path Loss at 50 feet is 97 db (W Band) Transmit Power (10-40 dbm) Path Loss With Rain (50 db, one mile) Path Loss (134 db, one mile) Rx Antenna (40-56dB) Noise Figure Link Margin 10 Gbit 3 Gbit 1 Gbit Noise Floor
Overview Technology Spectrum Markets
Millimeter Wave Technology Drivers GaN Power@ 100 GHz Silicon @ Millimeter Wave Massive Spaceborne Antennas Next Generation Electronic Steering Progress Driven by Cell Phones 2 Billion Units/Year Now A Computer Millimeter Waves Draft 18 Inch Silicon Intel 14 nm Fab ($5 Billion Investment
Millimeter Wave Spectrum Activity White Space Pulling Backhaul Data Rate Automotive Radar 77 GHz,120 GHz and 170 GHz 28 GHz, 38 GHz Area Licenses For Backhaul and Millimeter Wave Mobility Above 100 GHz Rulemaking Efforts (Buy A Radio Astronomer Coffee) Android, iphone Driving Gb/s Data Rate on Handheld Platforms
Millimeter Wave Markets Terrestrial Point to Point Long Haul - Backhaul» Ericsson 300,000 radios/year» Huawei/NEC 200,000 radio/year Micro Cell Interconnect 200 Meter» 1-2 Million Links/year Radar 77 GHz, 120 GHz, 170 GHz 5-15 Million/yr Millimeter Wave Mobility 60 GHz, Above 100 GHz, 28 GHz, 38 GHz Cell Access Growing 20X to 180X Within 5 Years Lower Frequency Bits/Hz Limit (10 b/hz 20 b/hz) MMWave Practical for 100 Ft Mobile Range
Satellite Market Impact Early Satellite Market Introduction Of Fiber Optics Value Time Introduction Of Millimeter Waves (W Band, Projected)
W Band FCC Ruling Opened Market Segment Progress For Satellite Applications 2003: FCC authorized 13 GHz of Spectrum 71-76 GHz 81-86 GHz 92-95 GHz Dual Use Government/Commercial Dual Use Terrestrial/Space 7000 links Deployed Worldwide (Terrestrial) Link Cost @ 1 Gb/s 2004: $85K 2012: $15K Spectrum 5 Plans Spacecraft Use
Millimeter Wave Satellite Market Just Possibly The Largest Growth New Segment In Millimeter Waves!!
Satellite Market Drivers Direct Broadcast $45 Billion US Market (DirecTV, Dish Networks) Presently Receive 5 Satellites to Satisfy HD Demand Spectrum 5 New Entrant Commercial Two Way Telecom Military Internet Access (DircectPC, ViaSat) Point to Point Telecom Demands Higher Data Rate-Anti Jam Note: Lots of applications Question Who Will Put Up $7 Billion For Development?
For Antenna Performance Bigger is Better Telstar 0.5 Foot Antenna Ground Station 85 Feet (230,000 lbs)
Satellite Antenna Size History Performance Above 20 GHz For Unfurlable Antenna ViaSat 1 12 ft Inmarsat 4 60 ft Large Antenna 300 ft Syncom 1 ft Telstar 0.5 ft 300 ft Antenna 25X Area Increase
Large Spaceborne Antenna Huge Technology Advantage Problem: Launch of a Radio Telescope Conventional Rocket Launch Deployed Antenna at top of Rocket Potentially Aerodynamic Instability in Wind Shear Aerodynamic Drag at High Q Conditions Enroute to Altitude
Big Antenna Small Earth Footprint W-Band Example 100 Meter Satellite Antenna 0.5 Meter Earth Terminal Antenna 95 db Gain Spaceborne Antenna 50 db Gain Earth Terminal 0.003 Degree Beamwidth (3 db) 1 Watt Transmitter Power (W Band) 1.2 Mile Earth Footprint Nominal 400 Spot Beams/NFL City Interesting Anti-Jam Capability
Spectrum Five 1-A Satellite Uplink Antenna Downlink Spot Beam Antennas CONUS Beam Antenna ^
Spectrum 5 Throughput Band Ku BSS (12 GHz) Reverse (17 GHz) Sat Slots Bandwidth Number Spots System Throughput 1 1 GHz 20 10 Gbps 5 800 MHz 50 50 Gbps E-Band (71-76 GHz) (81-86 GHz) TBD 10 GHz 100-1000 2-25 Tbps Note : Viasat-1 (just announced) has 100 Gbps throughput
^ Large Antenna Impact On Spacecraft
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept 300 ft Antenna Reflector Sperical - Parabaloid 40 50 ft Fairing Stowed Feed/Electronics In Folded Position
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept Main Rocket 3 rd Stage 1 st and 2 nd Stage Rockets Payload
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept Reflector Deployed Feed/Electronics Structure
Large Spaceborne Antenna Concept 80,000 Simultaneous Beams Reflector 1.5 Mile Spot Beam Up to 20 Gb/s Per Beam Enables Next Generation Internet Access Enables Next Generation Anti Jam Enables Hand Held High Data Rate Space Access Deployed Feed/Electron ics Structure
Fly Assembled Antenna to Atmosphere Edge Design Aircraft to Fly Assembled 100 Meter Antenna To 100K -150K Feet Ascent Phase at Low Speed, Drag Effects Are Minimized At High Altitude And Low Air Mass, Rocket Inititiation To High Speed (Mach 25-Mach 27) Experiences Insignificant Drag Proteus Aircraft is Purpose Built Custom Aircraft Example
Limitations of Conventional Aircraft Architecture 300 Foot Antenna Payload Drives 1,200 Foot Wingspan For Example, Stratolaunch
Limitations of Conventional Aircraft Architecture 300 Foot Antenna Payload Drives 1,200 Foot Wingspan For Example, Stratolaunch
New Aircraft Concept Ideal For Airborne Segment Radical Blended Canard Design Unprecedented Stability Circular Aircraft Body
Aerobat Architecture Appears Ideal for Large Spaceborne Antenna Payload Fit 300 Foot Antenna 400-450 Foot Airframe Rocket Antenna Compare with 1200 Foot Wingspan Conventional A/C