Concepts and Challenges

Concepts and Challenges LIFE Science Globe Fearon Correlated to Pennsylvania Department of Education Academic Standards for Science and Technology Grade 7

3.1 Unifying Themes A. Explain the parts of a simple system and their relationship to each other. Describe a system as a group of related parts that work Pages 172-195, 258-259, 294-297, 306-317, 340-347, 356-361, together to achieve a desired result (e.g., digestive system). 376-393, 400-403, 418-441, 446-459 Explain the importance of order in a system. Pages 258-259, 278-285, 294-298 Distinguish between system inputs, system processes and system outputs. Distinguish between open loop and closed loop systems. Apply systems analysis to solve problems. Pages 218-219, 272-273, 300-301, 394-395 B. Describe the use of models as an application of scientific or technological concepts. Pages 172-195, 258-259, 278-297, 306-317, 340-347, 356-361, 376-393, 400-403, 418-441, 446-459 Identify and describe different types of models and their Pages 32-33, 57-58, 74-77, 104-107, 209-210, 231-232, 242-243, functions. 290-291, 318-319, 341-342, 344-347, 380-383, 419-420 Apply models to predict specific results and observations (e.g., population growth, effects of infectious organisms). Explain systems by outlining a system s relevant parts and its Pages 281, 341, 344, 346, 380-381, 419 purpose and/or designing a model that illustrates its function. C. Identify patterns as repeated processes or recurring elements in science and technology. Identify different forms of patterns and use them to group and Pages 18-19, 108-125, 134-135, 138-139, 144-145, 154-165, 200- classify specific objects. 213, 216-217, 228-239, 242-243 Identify repeating structure patterns. Identify and describe patterns that occur in physical systems Pages 18-19, 118-125, 134-135, 138-139, 144-145, 154-165, 200- (e.g., construction, manufacturing, transportation), 213, 216-217, 228-239, 242-243 informational systems and biochemical-related systems. D. Explain scale as a way of relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure. Apply various applications of size and dimensions of scale to scientific, mathematical, and technological applications. Describe scale as a form of ratio and apply to a life situation. Pages 76-77 1

E. Identify change as a variable in describing natural and physical systems. Describe fundamental science and technology concepts that Pages 33, 39, 75, 81, 93, 103, 121, 157, 217, 233, 271, 279, 293, could solve practical problems. 307, 313, 359, 389, 391, 409, 411, 421, 447 Explain how ratio is used to describe change. Describe the effect of making a change in one part of a system Pages 218-219, 272-273, 300-301, 394-395 on the system as a whole. 3.2 Inquiry and Design A. Explain and apply scientific and technological knowledge. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a belief. Pages 4-5, 98-99 Answer What if questions based on observation, inference or Pages 25, 43, 49, 57, 73, 79, 101, 119, 129, 149, 163, 165, 175, prior knowledge or experience. 179, 191, 193, 205, 209, 223, 231, 247, 263, 281, 297, 315, 329, 341, 351, 361, 379, 385, 419, 429 Explain how skepticism about an accepted scientific Pages 23, 71, 221, 285, 299, 333, 345, 357, 403, 435, 451 explanation led to a new understanding. Explain how new information may change existing theories and practice. B. Apply process knowledge to make and interpret observations. Measure materials using a variety of scales. Pages 4-7, 52-53, 179, 209, 214-215, 266-267, 286-287, 336-337, 385, 406-407 Describe relationships by making inferences and predictions. Pages 18, 32, 38, 40, 50, 64, 74, 104, 144, 154, 176, 194, 202, 242, 248, 290, 298, 310, 344, 346, 382, 392, 422 Communicate, use space / time relationships, define operationally, raise questions, formulate hypotheses, test and experiment, Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 2

Design controlled experiments, recognize variables, and manipulate variables. Interpret data, formulate models, design models, and produce solutions. Pages 31, 55, 87, 99, 143, 159, 195, 249, 293, 313, 393, 405, 423 Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 C. Identify and use the elements of scientific inquiry to solve problems. Generate questions about objects, organisms and/or events that Pages 18, 32, 38, 40, 50, 64, 74, 104, 144, 154, 176, 194, 202, can be answered through scientific investigations. 242, 248, 290, 298, 310, 344, 346, 382, 392, 422 Evaluate the appropriateness of questions. Design an investigation with limited variables to investigate a Pages 31, 55, 87, 99, 143, 159, 195, 249, 293, 313, 393, 405, 423 question. Conduct a two-part experiment. Pages 18, 32, 38, 40, 50, 64, 74, 104, 144, 154, 176, 194, 202, 242, 248, 290, 298, 310, 344, 346, 382, 392, 422 Judge the significance of experimental information in answering the question. Communicate appropriate conclusions from the experiment. Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 D. Know and use the technological design process to solve problems. Define different types of problems. Pages 31, 55, 87, 99, 143, 159, 195, 249, 293, 313, 393, 405, 423 Define all aspects of the problem, necessary information and questions that must be answered. Propose the best solution. Design and propose alternative methods to achieve solutions. 3

Apply a solution. Pages 31, 55, 87, 99, 143, 159, 195, 249, 293, 313, 393, 405, 423 Explain the results, present improvements, identify and infer the impacts of the solution. 3.3 Biological Sciences A. Describe the similarities and differences that characterize diverse living things. Describe how the structures of living things help them function Pages 118-121, 124-125, 134-135, 138-139, 142-145, 154-155, in unique ways. 158-159, 162-165, 172-179, 182-187, 190-195, 200-213, 216-217, 220-221, 228-239, 242-243 Explain how to use a dichotomous key to identify plants and Pages 118-129, 154-165, 200-223 animals. Account for adaptations among organisms that live in a Pages 98, 231, 290-291 particular environment. B. Describe the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of living things. Identify the levels of organization from cell to organism. Pages 38-59, 134-149, 154-167, 200-223, 228-251 Compare life processes at the organism level with life Pages 42-57, 306-323, 328-351, 356-371, 376-395, 400-413, 418- processes at the cell level. 441, 446-461 Explain that cells and organisms have particular structures that underlie their functions. Describe and distinguish among cell cycles, reproductive Pages 54-57, 64-89,148, 184, 192, 278-299, 446-461 cycles and life cycles. Explain disease effects on structures or functions of an Pages 84-85, 135-137, 400-441 organism. C. Know that every organism has a set of genetic instructions that determines its inherited traits. Identify and explain inheritable characteristics. Pages 64-93 Identify that the gene is the basic unit of inheritance. Pages 70-73 Identify basic patterns of inheritance (e.g., dominance, Pages 64-93 recessive, co-dominance). Describe how traits are inherited. 4

Distinguish how different living things reproduce (e.g., Pages 32-33, 128-129, 132, 148-149, 156-157, 182-185, 192-193, vegetative budding, sexual). 212-213, 237, 446-461 Recognize that mutations can alter a gene. Pages 86-87, 98, 235 Describe how selective breeding, natural selection and genetic Pages 88-93, 104-111 technologies can change genetic makeup of organisms. D. Explain basic concepts of natural selection. Identify adaptations that allow organisms to survive in their Pages 98, 231, 290-291 environment. Describe how an environmental change can affect the survival Pages 108-111, 194-195, 256-263 of organisms and entire species. Know that differences in individuals of the same species may Pages 104-109, 278-291 give some advantage in surviving and reproducing. Recognize that populations of organisms can increase rapidly. Pages 262-263, 258-259 Describe the role that fossils play in studying the past. Pages 100-103, 110-111 Explain how biologic extinction is a natural process. Pages 108-109 3.4 Physical Science, Chemistry and Physics A. Describe concepts about the structure and properties of matter. Identify elements as basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down chemically. Distinguish compounds from mixtures. Describe and conduct experiments that identify chemical and Pages 40, 119, 144, 163, 176, 310 physical properties. Describe reactants and products of simple chemical reactions. Pages 177, 283, 348-349, 453 B. Relate energy sources and transfers to heat and temperature. Identify and describe sound changes in moving objects. Know that the sun is a major source of energy that emits Pages 54, 55, 58, 87, 133, 135, 142, 143, 154, 178-179, 190, 279, wavelengths of visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation. 288, 294, 295, 300 5

Explain the conversion of one form of energy to another by Pages 54, 55, 58, 87, 133, 135, 142, 143, 154, 157, 178-179, 190, applying knowledge of each form of energy. 271, 279, 288, 294, 295, 300 Explain the parts and functions in an electrical circuit. C. Identify and explain the principles of force and motion. Describe the motion of an object based on its position, direction and speed. Classify fluid power systems according to fluid used or mode Page 211 of power transmission (e.g., air, oil). Explain various motions using models. Explain how convex and concave mirrors and lens change light images. Explain how sound and light travel in waves of differing Pages 428-431 speeds, sizes and frequencies. D. Describe essential ideas about the composition and structure of the universe and the earth s place in it. Compare various planets characteristics. Describe basic star types and identify the sun as a star type. Describe and differentiate comets, asteroids and meteors. Identify gravity as the force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and governs the rest of the movement of the solar system and the universe. Illustrate how the positions of stars and constellations change in relation to the Earth during an evening and from month to month. Identify equipment and instruments that explore the universe. Identify the accomplishments and contributions provided by selected past and present scientists in the field of astronomy. Identify and articulate space program efforts to investigate possibilities of living in space and on other planets. 6

3.5 Earth Sciences A. Describe earth features and processes. Describe major layers of the earth. Describe the processes involved in the creation of geologic features (e.g., folding, faulting, volcanism, sedimentation) and that these processes seen today (e.g., erosion, weathering crustal plate movement) are similar to those in the past. Describe the processes that formed Pennsylvania geologic structures and resources including mountains, glacial formations, water gaps and ridges. Explain how the rock cycle affected rock formations in the state of Pennsylvania. Distinguish between examples of rapid surface changes (e.g., landslides, earthquakes) and slow surface changes (e.g., weathering). Identify living plants and animals that are similar to fossil forms. B. Recognize earth resources and how they affect everyday life. Identify and locate significant earth resources (e.g., rock types, oil, gas, coal deposits) in Pennsylvania. Explain the processes involved in the formation of oil and coal in Pennsylvania. Explain the value and uses of different earth resources (e.g., selected minerals, ores, fuel sources, agricultural uses). Compare the locations of human settlements as related to available resources. Pages 100-113 Pages 270-271 7

C. Describe basic elements of meteorology. Explain weather forecasts by interpreting weather data and symbols. Explain the oceans impact on local weather and the climate of a region. Identify how cloud types, wind directions and barometric pressure changes are associated with weather patterns in different regions of the country. Explain and illustrate the processes of cloud formation and Pages 259, 292-293 precipitation. Describe and illustrate the major layers of the earth s Pages 55, 179, 297, 300 atmosphere. Identify different air masses and global wind patterns and how Pages 264-265, 266-267 they relate to the weather patterns in different regions of the U.S. D. Explain the behavior and impact of the earth s water systems. Explain the water cycle using the processes of evaporation and Pages 259, 292-293 condensation. Describe factors that affect evaporation and condensation. Pages 292-293 Distinguish salt from fresh water (e.g., density, electrical conduction). Compare the effect of water type (e.g., polluted, fresh, salt Pages 208-211, 216-219, 230-237, 265, 292-293 water) and the life contained in them. Identify ocean and shoreline features, (e.g., bays, inlets, spit, tidal marshes). 8

3.6 Technology Education A. Explain biotechnologies that relate to related technologies of propagating, growing, maintaining, adapting, treating and converting. Identify the environmental, societal and economic impacts that Pages 108, 143, 218-219, 235, 298 waste has in the environment. Identify and explain the impact that a specific medical Pages 81, 93, 217, 233, 313, 322-323, 359, 389, 391, 409, 411, advancement has had on society. 421, 447 Explain the factors that were taken into consideration when a Pages 39, 357, 359, 363, 369 specific object was designed. Define and describe how fuels and energy can be generated Page 157 through the process of biomass conversion. Identify and group basic plant and animal production Pages 90-93 processes. Explain the impact that agricultural science has had on Pages 92-93 biotechnology. B. Explain information technologies of encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving and decoding. Demonstrate the effectiveness of image generating technique to communicate a story (e.g., photography, video). Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of a graphic object Pages 33, 65, 83, 103, 149, 179, 221, 229, 281, 331, 333, 351, designed and produced to communicate a thought or concept. Apply basic technical drawing techniques to communicate an idea or solution to a problem. 379, 389, 433, 455 Pages 165, 188, 247, 364-365 9

Apply the appropriate method of communications technology to communicate a thought. Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 C. Explain physical technologies of structural design, analysis and engineering, personnel relations, financial affairs, structural production, marketing, research and design. 3.7. Technological Devices A. Explore the use of basic tools, simple materials and techniques to safely solve problems. Describe the scientific principles on which various tools are based. Group tools and machines by their function. Select and safely apply appropriate tools and materials to solve simple problems. Pages 2-8 Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 B. Select appropriate instruments to study materials. Develop simple skills to measure, record, cut and fasten. Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 10

Explain appropriate instrument selection for specific tasks. Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 Identify and use simple graphic and presentation graphic materials generated by the computer. Apply specific instructional software. C. Identify basic computer operations and concepts. Identify the major parts necessary for a computer to input and output data. Although students are not specifically required to use the computer to generate presentation materials, this objective could easily be incorporated into the following activities: Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 Pages 17, 25, 41, 45, 69, 81, 89, 101, 105, 121, 137, 155, 175, 193, 207, 213, 233, 237, 243, 257, 263, 265, 285, 291, 297, 309, 315, 317, 335, 347, 357, 361, 363, 369, 409, 425, 431, 439, 459 Explain and demonstrate the basic use of input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse). Explain and demonstrate the use of external and internal storage devices (e.g., disk drive, CD drive). D. Use basic computer software. Apply operating system skills to perform basic computer tasks. Pages 17, 25, 41, 45, 69, 81, 89, 101, 105, 121, 137, 155, 175, 193, 207, 213, 233, 237, 243, 257, 263, 265, 285, 291, 297, 309, 315, 317, 335, 347, 357, 361, 363, 369, 409, 425, 431, 439, 459 11

Apply basic word processing skills. Identify and use simple graphic and presentation graphic materials generated by the computer. Although students are not specifically required to use the computer to generate word processing documents, this objective could easily be incorporated into the following activities: Pages 28-29, 58-59, 90-91, 112-113, 126-127, 146-147, 166-167, 180-181, 218-219, 244-245, 272-273, 300-301, 322-323, 348-349, 370-371, 394-395, 412-413, 436-437, 460-461 Although students are not specifically required to use the computer to generate presentation materials, this objective could easily be incorporated into the following activities: Pages 25, 26-27, 43, 49, 52-53, 57, 73, 78-79, 101, 106-107, 179, 188-189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 214-215, 223, 231, 240-241, 247, 263, 264-265, 281, 286-287, 297, 315, 318-319, 329, 336-337, 341, 351, 361, 364-365, 379, 380-381, 385, 406-407, 419, 426-427, 429, 456-457 Apply specific instructional software. E. Identify basic computer communications systems. Apply a web browser. Pages 17, 25, 28-29, 41, 45, 58-59, 69, 81, 89, 90-91, 101, 105, 112-113, 121, 1126-127, 137, 146-147, 155, 166-167, 175, 180-181, 193, 207, 213, 218-219, 233, 237, 243, 244-245, 257, 263, 265, 272-273, 285, 291, 297, 300-301, 309, 315, 317, 322-323, 335, 347, 348-349, 357, 361, 363, 369, 370-371, 394-395, 409, 412-413, 425, 431, 436-437, 439, 459, 460-461 Apply basic electronic mail functions. 12

Use on-line searches to answer age appropriate questions. Pages 17, 25, 28-29, 41, 45, 58-59, 69, 81, 89, 90-91, 101, 105, 112-113, 121, 1126-127, 137, 146-147, 155, 166-167, 175, 180-181, 193, 207, 213, 218-219, 233, 237, 243, 244-245, 257, 263, 265, 272-273, 285, 291, 297, 300-301, 309, 315, 317, 322-323, 335, 347, 348-349, 357, 361, 363, 369, 370-371, 394-395, 409, 412-413, 425, 431, 436-437, 439, 459, 460-461 3.8. Science, Technology and Human Endeavors A. Know that people select, create and use science and technology and that they are limited by social and physical restraints. Identify and describe positive and negative impacts that Pages 33, 39, 75, 81, 93, 103, 121, 157, 217, 233, 271, 279, 293, influence or result from new tools and techniques. Identify how physical technology (e.g., construction, manufacturing, transportation), informational technology and biotechnology are used to meet human needs. 307, 313, 322-323, 359, 389, 391, 409, 411, 421, 447 Describe how scientific discoveries and technological advancements are related. Identify interrelationships among technology, people and their Pages 17, 41, 85, 89, 111, 135, 185, 201, 229, 257, 289, 321, 343, world. 369, 377 Apply the technological design process to solve a simple Pages 31, 55, 87, 99, 143, 159, 195, 249, 293, 313, 393, 405, 423 problem. B. Know how human ingenuity and technological resources satisfy specific human needs and improve the quality of life. Identify and distinguish between human needs and improving Pages 33, 39, 75, 81, 93, 103, 121, 157, 217, 233, 271, 279, 293, the quality of life. 307, 313, 322-323, 359, 389, 391, 409, 411, 421, 447 Identify and distinguish between natural and human-made Pages 75, 81, 93, 121, 157, 217, 271, 279, 293, 313, 359, 389, resources. 391, 409, 447 Describe a technological invention and the resources that were Pages 39, 81, 233, 271, 279, 391, 421 used to develop it. 13

C. Know the pros and cons of possible solutions to scientific and technological problems in society. Compare the positive and negative expected and unexpected Pages 33, 39, 75, 81, 93, 103, 121, 157, 217, 233, 271, 279, 293, impacts of technological change. 307, 313, 322-323, 359, 389, 391, 409, 411, 421, 447 Identify and discuss examples of technological change in the community that have both positive and negative impacts. 14