J Electr Eng Tecnol Vol. 9, o.?: 74-?, 04 ttp://dx.doi.org/0.5370/jeet.04.9.6.74 ISS(Print) 975-00 ISS(Online) 093-743 Harmonic Distortion Contribution for te Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Energy Market: A ew Sceme for Industry Consumer Syarifuddin ojeng*, Moammad Yusri Hassan*, Dalila Mat Said*, Md.Pauzi Abdulla* and Farida Hussin Abstract Te industry as rapidly growt and energy supply tecnology advanced are become main factor wic to contribute of te armonic es. Tis problem is one aspect tat may affect te capability of te transmission line and also to te efficiency of electricity. Tis paper proposes a new sceme to allocate te cost pertaining to transmission due to armonics. Te proposed metod, called as Generalized Harmonic Distribution Factor, uses te principle of proportional saring metod to allocate te es among te transmission users especially for industry consumers. Te IEEE 4- and 30 bus test system is used to compare te proposed metod wit existing metod. Te results sowed tat te proposed metod provided a sceme better in allocating te cost of transmission, wic could encourage te users to minimize te es. Keywords: Transmission es, Harmonic distortion, Industry consumer, Deregulated energy market.. Introduction Recently, te issue of armonic es is always disputable in te deregulated power system. Te industry rapidly growt and energy supply tecnology advanced are main contribute for te armonic distortion []. Many industry consumers tat use electronic devices, including te use of reactive power compensation devices suc as static compensator variables and UPS, are te main factors on te emergence of armonic pollution on te distribution network []. For instance, Korean will be development of te infrastructure battery carging for electric veicles wic can be to contribute of te armonic distortion [3]. Te utility companies usually install te mitigation equipment to maintain te quality of power supplied. Once tis equipment is installed, its cost must be recovered from te consumers wo ave caused te power quality (PQ) problem, i.e. armonic distortion [4]. Te consumer will pay according to te amount of stress (usage) tat teir equipment causes onto te mitigation equipment [5]. Te IEEE Standard 59-99 [6] as become a standard of PQ associated wit te armonic distortion caused by te source or load. Tis standard establises a maximum limit of 5% of te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) factor for te current and voltage [7]. Te THD indicates te amount of content of te armonic components eiter in current or voltage waveform. Corresponding Autor: Centre of Electrical Energy System (CEES) Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM. (yusri@fke.utm.my) * Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM. (syarifuddinnojeng@yaoo.co.id) Received: May 5, 03; Accepted: October 9, 03 Many approximate models and algoritms ave been introduced in te literature tat tried as accurate as possible to identify and allocate te cost of es to eac participant in te transmission network. In several papers ave been exploited of te armonic focused on te allocation due to te armonic distortion. Power quality problem is one aspect tat may affect te ability of te facility witin te power system and also te efficiency of electricity distribution from generation sources to te consumer [8]. Te development of allocate sceme for armonic distortion is to determine wat armonic sould be accurate in PCC for all ICs. Te system operator concentrates on solving te tecnical problems of finding proper incentive signals for transmission owner, wile te load effort to encourage armonic reduction. Tis paper proposes a new metod to determine of te armonic contribute for transmission es allocate. After te introduction in section I, te problem description an overview of transmission allocation in presented in section II. Section III explains and formulates te proposed metod. A test case based on te 4-bus system is provided in Section IV. Results and discussions are provided in Section V. Section VI presents concluding remarks. Fig.. Single line diagram wit several industry consumers (IC) connected to point of common coupling (PCC). 74
Syarifuddin ojeng, Moammad Yusri Hassan, Dalila Mat Said, Md.Pauzi Abdulla and Farida Hussin. Problem Description Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is an index tat commonly used to determine te level of wave distortion. Tis parameter is power quality level on an equipment or system. Te index of THD, wic is sown in Eqs. (5-6), is te ratio of te number of rms value of eac individual armonic waves and fundamental wave, and is used to indicate te level of armonic generation. Tere are two types of THD is namely; voltage and current THD. Basically, te electric power supply must provide good power quality like constant voltage magnitude and frequency. Meanwile, by using electronic devices and non-linear load non-sinusoidal, wic can result in poor power quality. It can cause of electrical disturbances like transients, sags, swells, armonics, and even disruption in power supply [4]. And also, can be to increase of es in line due armonic component for line flow. Generally, transmission es commonly contribute between 3-5% of te total power es in network [9]. Terefore, it is a major problem in te efficiency of generation cost. Several metods ave been developed and introduced in te literature to identify te es caused by eac component in te electricity market. In te context of, te determination of transmission allocate (TLA) sould be as accurate as possible to all users. A widely used approac in TLA is te proportional metod Pro-rata metod is a tecnique to solve te problem of te TLA [0], wic uses te principle of proportional saring (PSP) []. Te approac is based on te concept of te exact power tat as been developed troug te analysis of te circuit []. Wile, based on te load flow analysis, te metod proposed based on Z-bus matrix of te network [3]. Ten, to obtain accurately, te autor in [4] proposed an approac using neural networks and oter metods using te modified nodal equations to identify te actual power allocation for te generator and te load [5]. Meanwile, [6] proposed a allocation metod based on circuit teory. A new metod was verified by [7] for allocating te user s contribution in eac branc, called as Equivalent Bilateral Excange (EBE). Te EBE metod assumes tat te users of te network ave teir own contribution on te system based on te contribution of currents power. Finally, a satisfactory TLA sceme sould ave te following features; carging te user for te actual usage of te grid; providing to new sceme for consumer and power plants about sceme best tat can relieve transmission congestion and es; predictable; simple and easy to implement and can ensure recovery of te total transmission revenue [8]. 3. Proposed Metod In te proposed metod, te system was calculated by using load flow analysis. By defining te line impedance of system as: and te power equation: Zij = Rij + jxij () ( ) P = Y VV cos θ + δ θ i in i n in n i n= i = in i n sin in + n i n= ( ) Q Y VV θ δ θ tus, te transmission es from bus-i to bus-j can be expressed as: were: and, Were: () MWij = Sij + Sji (3) S = V. I (4) * ij i ij S = V. I (5) * ji j ji S ij = Power flow from bus i to bus j S ji = Power flow from bus j to bus i Basically, te level of power quality due to armonic load can be divided into two types; load witout distortion, were te load does not contain distortions, and te load wit distortion. Te utility total armonic distortion factor for current (THDI U ) is defined as: THDI U = = A Te utility total armonic distortion factor for voltage (THDV U ) is defined as: THDV U = I = A Meanwile, te total transmission es wit armonic component can be written as: V I V ( ) (6) (7) MW = MW + THD (8) By defined te contribution of armonic for eac load j at Demand (D) as MW k,d, terefore we obtain: 743
Harmonic Distortion Contribution for te Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Energy Market: A ew Sceme for Industry Consumer MW, D C j. MW, j = = (9) Wile, f TLA is transmission based on TLA metods, for example: Were;. Pro-rata [7]: 3... Cj = C + C + C + + Cn = (0) j= f TLA L P =. PD (8) And, Were: C THD j = () THD C j = armonic sare load-j of te total armonic in load. Let be te armonic factor for eac Demand (D) as follows; fthd, = fthd, D + fthd, D +... fthd, D () j= Terefore, using Eqs. (7) and (8), we obtained: L L P THD R = +.( MW, D ) PD THD j=. Incremental Transmission Losses (ITL) 3. Z-Bus Metod [4]: ftla = P. L (9) (0) Let, we define f THD,D as armonic component due load-, can be expressed as follows : and MW = P F. P = P ( F ) (3), D THD, D THD, D We defined te total armonic component as ; MW = P P Can be re-writing as:, D fthd, j= f THD, D ( THDD ) (4) = + (5) MW = F P (6), D THD, D. Terefore, te general formulation of transmission allocation wit consideration of total armonic distortion (THD) factor for te users can be written as: L = [ ftla] + Cj. MW, D j B; (7) Were: L as transmission allocate wit armonic contain for eac load j. And C jmw,d as te armonic contribute due load j or demand-d. Similarly, using Eq. (7) for Z bus metod, we obtained: f * TLA =R Ik Rkj. I j j= () Te component of function in (7) is called as Generalized Harmonic Distribution Factor (GHDF) were f TLA = function of te Transmission Loss Allocation metod caused by line parameter R, and C jmw,d is te contribution of es for eac load due armonic []. According to IEEE std 459-000, te establised maximum limit of THD would be 5% [6]. Tis means tat eac load sould pay an additional carge if THD in load more tan 5% (for instance: industry consumer). were: TLA load =TLA THD:5% () TLA load = Transmission allocated to load. TLA THD5% = Transmission allocated to demand wit THD load is 5%. ten: MW ( = MW + THD5% ) (3) By setting te THD5% as THD ref wic is based on IEEE std 459-000, ten te net total armonic distortion for te load wit 5% THD will be equal to zero or can be written matematically as: 744
Syarifuddin ojeng, Moammad Yusri Hassan, Dalila Mat Said, Md.Pauzi Abdulla and Farida Hussin ΔTHD = THD THD = 0 (4) ref Terefore Eq. (4) substitute to (8), te total transmission es wit armonic component in Eq. (8) can be obtain as follows: MW 5% = MW (5) Meanwile, if te THD load is not equal to THD ref ten te total armonic distortion THD can be written as: Hence, ΔTHD = THDref THDload (6) MW MW THD, =, (+ Δ ) 4. Case Study and Discussion (7) Te proposed metod was tested on te IEEE4-bus system. Te proposed metod was compared wit te original Z metod wit and witout armonic by transmission utilities as described in Section 4, to investigate its ability to provide a better economic signal to transmission system users. In tis case study, te proposed metod was tested on te IEEE 4-bus systems and te IEEE 30-bus systems as sown in Figs. and 3. By using tree metods: eac Pro-average metod, ITL metod and Z metod bus ten Z metod gives better results. Te tird metod results are sown in Table. For example on bus, two metods of pro rata and ITL provides value 0 wile te bus Z metod es are by 7 MW. Similarly, on te bus 8. Ten based on Table, te Table. Compare of transmission allocation witout armonic distortion using te IEEE-4 bus systems. o. bus Demand Loss Allocation (MW) MW MVAr Pro rata ITL Z bus 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 7.094.70.70.3 0.50 0.090 3 94.0 9.00 4.874 5.50 3.087 4 47.80-3.90.473.490.003 5 7.60.60 0.393 0.90 0.0 6.0 7.50 0.580 0.440 0.58 7 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 8 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 9 9.50 6.50.56.50 0.60 0 9.00 5.80 0.466 0.50 0.05 3.50.80 0.8 0.50 0.069 6.0.60 0.36 0.70 0.3 3 3.50 5.80 0.699 0.690 0.339 4 4.90 5.00 0.77.00 0.505 Total 59.00 73.40 3.40 3.40 3.403 Table. Compare of transmission allocation wit armonic distortion of eac load using te IEEE- 4 bus systems o. Bus Losses witout armonic Transmission allocation (MW) Proposed wit net armonic distortion ΔTHD =.5% ΔTHD =5% ΔTHD =0% 7.094 7.8 7.69 7.440 0.090 0.09 0.09 0.094 3 3.087 3.5 3.63 3.38 4.003.05.08.05 5 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.06 6 0.58 0.60 0.6 0.66 7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9 0.60 0.68 0.65 0.640 0 0.05 0.08 0.0 0.5 0.069 0.070 0.07 0.07 0.3 0.34 0.35 0.38 3 0.339 0.343 0.347 0.356 4 0.505 0.5 0.57 0.530 Total 3.403 3.570 3.734 4.057 metod considered more accurate Z bus, ence become to consider used for compare te proposed metod. In Table, can be seen tat te transmission cost allocation is conditional, were: Fig.. Te IEEE 4 bus test system Case- : Assume tere are tree loads of industry costumer wit THD L3, L4 and L9 equal to 5% ( according to IEEE std). Based on pro-rata metod, te obtained TLA sould be equal. Tis means tat transmission owner will be carged according to pro-rata metod original. Case- : Assume tere are tree loads of industry costumer wit THD is L3 5%, L4 (7.5%) and L9(0%). Terefore, based on pro-rata metod, te owner of te transmission line will pay more according to THD rate. Tis means tat transmission users will be carged due to te additional cost. Case-3 : L3, L4 and L9 ave THD of 7.5%,0% and 745
Harmonic Distortion Contribution for te Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Energy Market: A ew Sceme for Industry Consumer owners in carging penalties to users wo ave te load quality below of standard. Tey can also provide information for determining te transmission carge sceme wit considered armonic content by eac user, so tat bot economic aspect and tecnical aspects in power systems can be covered. Tis proposal can provide a good economic signal to all parties in te deregulated of electricity industry supply in te future, especially for transmission owners. Besides, te industry consumer will be encouraged to improve load quality and energy efficiency. 5. Conclusion Fig. 3. Transmission es allocation due to armonic content, estimated using te IEEE-30 bus systems. 5% according to IEEE std. Based on pro-rata metod, te users will pay more for te TLA compared to te payment in case-. In tis case, L3, L4 and L9 ave iger THD content, terefore tey will get TLA more tan for te load in Case- and Case-. By using Eq. (5) above, tat wen te THD 5%, ten we obtain tat: MW = MW,, (8) By te above equation in (8), ten power es are calculated according to te metod used TLA. Tis proposal was ten tested on te IEEE 30 bus system as sown in Fig 3. Based on te proposed metod, at 0% THD for example in L load will as resulted es of 0.84 MW and increase it if te THD load becomes 5% so on. Te result will give a value significantly wen te THD levels greater will increase in load. Wile for THD 5%, transmission es is equal between existing metods wit propose. Based on te above, it will cause an increase in armonic content es on te transmission line. As a result, tere is an increase in power flow in line caused by armonics on te user. Tis condition causes a in te generation and transmission owners. For tat, in order tat te industry and gain te satisfaction and power providers are fair, ten te armonic components can be included in te calculation of te cost of transmission. Wit reference to te IEEE std.459-000 tat defines 5% for THD of current, ten te user can be carged additional costs due to armonic, wen as THD greater tan 5%. Furter, te estimation results from te use of different IEEE bus systems can be a reference for transmission Tis paper presents a new metod to allocate te cost of transmission due to armonics. Te proposed metod as sown differences in contribution costs in terms of conditions of armonics in te use of transmission network. Troug tis metod, te customer wo uses electricity wit iger THD will pay a iger transmission cost tan oter users. Meanwile, te user wo as THD content according to IEEE std. 459-000 (until maximum limit is 5%) does not ave to pay an additional carge to transmission owner. Tis metod also provides an alternative solution in te sceme for te determination of transmission carges for customers wit varying load caracteristic. Anoter benefit of tis proposed metod is tat it provides economic signals for electricity industry supply, especially transmission and distribution company. Te proposed metod is suitable for te pool market in deregulated power system. Acknowledgements Te autors would like to express gratitude to te Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, te Government of Sout Sulawesi and Universitas Muslim Indonesia (UMI), for supporting tis researc study References [] Pilip J. Talacek and eville R. Watson, Marginal Pricing of Harmonic Injection, IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 7, o., pp. 50-56, 000. [] Aiello M, et.al,: Teoretical and Experiment Comparison of Total Distortion Factor for Te Evaluation of Harmonic and Inter armonic Pollution of Grid- Connected Potovoltaic System, IEEE transaction on Power Delivery, vol., no.3, pp. 390-397, 006 [3] Kisuk Kim, Cong Suk Song, Gilsung Byen, Hosung Jung, Hyungckul Kim, Gilson Jang, Power Demand and Total Distortion Analysis for an EV Carging Station Concept Utilizing a Battery Energy Strorage 746
Syarifuddin ojeng, Moammad Yusri Hassan, Dalila Mat Said, Md.Pauzi Abdulla and Farida Hussin System, J. Electr. Eng. Tecnol., Vol. 8, o. 5, pp. 34-4, 03. [4] Mojgan Hojabri, Aras Toudeski, Power Quality Consideration for Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems, Energy and Power Engineering, 5, pp. 377-383, 03. [5] Yong Peng, Sun Tao, Qun Xu, Xiangning Xiao, Harmonic Pricing Model Based on Harmonic Costs and Harmonic Current Excessive Penalty, 0. [6] IEEE std.59-99, IEEE recommended practice and requirements for armonics control in electrical power system, IEEE april, 993. [7] Hassan M.Y, Abdulla M.P, Hussin F, Hasima A.R, Almaktar M.A, Majid M.S, Te impact of transmission component on transmission cost recovery in pool electricity markets, International Review of Electrical Engineering, 5 (4). pp. 736-746, 00 [8] Wilsun Xu, Yilu Liu, A Metod for Determining Costumer and Utility Harmonic Contribution at te Point of Common Coupling, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, o., pp. 804-8, 000. [9] Jong-Hoon Han, Kyebyung Lee, Cong Suk Song, Gilsoo Jang, Gilsung Byeon, Cang-Hyun Park, A ew Assessment for te Total Harmonic Contributions at te Point, J. Electr. Eng. Tecnol. Vol. 8, 74-750, 03. [0] M. Faroodnea, Aza Moamed, H. Sareef,R. A. Jabbar Kan, An Improved Metod for Determining Contribution of Utility and Customer Harmonic Distortions In A Power Distribution System, International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol., o. 3, 00. [] Il Ming K, Hieyong Ha S, Lee S.W, Transmission allocation algoritm using pat integral based on transaction strategy, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 5, no., pp. 95-0 5, 00. [] Conejo A.J, Arroyo J.M, Alguacil, Guijaro A.L, Transmission allocation: A Comparison of differential practical algoritms, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 57-576, 00. [3] Rudnick H, Palma R, Fernandez J.E, Marginal pricing and supplement cost al location in transmission open access, IEEE Transaction Power Systems, vol. 0, no., pp. 5-4, 995. [4] Bialek J, Tracing te flow of electricity, IEE Proc. Gener. Transmission and Distrib., 43 (4), pp. 33-30, 996 [5] Conejo A. J, Galiana F. D, Kockar I, Z-bus allocation, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 6, pp. 05-0, 00. [6] Parastar A, Mozafari B, Pirayes A, Omidi H, Transmission allocation troug modified Z- bus, Energy Conversion and Management, (5), pp. 75-756, 0. [7] Abdelkader S, Transmission allocation in deregulated electrical energy market, Electric Power System Researc,76. pp. 96-967, 006. [8] Reta R, Vargas A, Electricity tracing and allocation metods based on electric concepts, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 48, pp. 58-5, 00. [9] Mateus J.C, Franco P.C, Transmission allocation troug equivalent bilateral excange and economical analysis, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 0, pp. 799-807, 005. [0] Francisco D. Galiana, Antonio J. Conejo, Ivana Kockar, Incremental Transmission Loss Allocation Under Pool Dispatc, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 7, no., pp. 6-33, 00. [] ojeng S, Hassan M.Y, Abdula M.P, Hussin F, Transmission allocation based on armonic factor distortion in deregulated electricity supply industry, IEEE conference on Industrial electronics and Application, sept, 4-6, 0. Syarifuddin ojeng received te B. Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Universitas Hasanuddin in 988, and M.E.E. from Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia in 994. He is currently a P.D student at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Joor, Malaysia. His current researc interests are power system deregulation and transmission pricing. Moammad Yusri Hassan (M 09) received is B.Eng. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Stratclyde University, UK in 988, M.E.E. from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 993 and PD from Stratclyde University, UK in 004. Dr. Hassan is an Associate Professor and Director of Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES) in te Faculty of Electrical Engineering at UTM, Joor, Malaysia. His researc interest is in power system economics, transmission pricing and energy management. Dr. Hassan is a member of IEEE. Dalila Mat Said (M ) received B.Eng Degree, M.Sc Degree and PD from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Se is currently, a Senior Lecturer in te Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Her researc interest includes power quality and energy supply reliability. Dr. Said is a member of IEEE. 747
Harmonic Distortion Contribution for te Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Energy Market: A ew Sceme for Industry Consumer Md. Pauzi Abdulla (M 05-SM 3) received is B.Eng.in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Universiti Tenaga asional, Malaysia in 00, M.Sc. and PD from Stratclyde University, UK in 003 and in 007 respectively. Dr. Abdulla currently is a Senior Lecturer in te Faculty of Electrical Engineering at UTM. His researc interest is in power system economics and congestion management. Dr. Abdulla is a Senior Member of IEEE. Farida Hussin (M ) received er B. Eng. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Stratclyde University, UK in 987, and M.E.E. from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 990. Her researc interests include power system economics and transmission congestion management. 748