THE WASTE AND THE BACKYARD

THE WASTE AND THE BACKYARD

Environment & Management VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

The Waste and the Backyard The Creation of Waste Facilities: Success Stories in Six European Countries Edited by BRUNO DENTE and PAOLO FARERI Istituto per La Ricerca Sociale, Milano, Italy and JOSEE LIGTERINGEN Center for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy, University oftwente, Enschede, The Netherlands *** * * *** Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-90-481-5021-2 ISBN 978-94-015-9107-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9107-2 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

Contents Preface 1 Siting Waste Facilities: Drawing Lessons from Success Stories 3 Bruno Dente, Paolo Fareri l.l Learning from Success 3 1.2 Public Policy Analysis and Waste Facility Siting 7 1.3 Success: Background, Short and Long Tenn Factors 16 1.3.1 If the Facility is the Solution, what is the Problem? 18 1.3.2 Success through complexity 21 1.3.3 Success factors 30 2 Replacing Old for New: Lessons from a French Case Study 47 Corinne Larrue, Jean Marc Dziedzicki 2.1 The Problem: the TREDI-Salaise Case 47 2.2 The Chronology of the TREDI-Salaise Decision Making Process 48 2.3 The Main Actors Involved, their Strategy and the Interaction 51 Patterns during the Decision Making Process 2.4 The Success Factors of the French Case 61 2.5 Conclusions 66 3 The Conflicts Engendered by Waste Facilities Siting: 69 Lessons to be Learned from a Spanish Case Susana Aguilar, Joan Subirats 3.1 Introduction: The Problem 69 3.2 The Chronology 73 3.3 Actors' Analysis, Networks and Patterns ofinteraction 80 3.4 Conclusion: Success Factors 92 4 Role of a Scapegoat, Needed! The Siting of a Chemical Waste 99 Incinerator in Lendava, Slovenia Andrej Klemenc, Igor LukSic 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Emergence of the Problem 99 4.3 The Chronology 102 4.4 Two Processes, Networks, and the Patterns of Interaction 106 4.5 Conclusion 111

VI 5 Swiss Border Incident: a Case Study of the Ciba-Geigy 117 Special Waste Incineration Plant in Basel, Switzerland Vrs Zuppinger, Peter Knoepfel 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Chronology of Events 121 5.3 The Network of Actors and Organisations 140 5.4 Conclusions: Success Factors 152 6 Balancing the Stake. The Creation of the Centre for 161 Industrial Waste Treatment in Modena (Italy) Anna Luise, Paolo Fareri 6.1 The Problem 161 6.2 The Chronology 163 6.3 Actors, Networks and the Patterns oflnteraction 167 6.4 Success Factors 172 7 Any Objections after all? Decision Making on the Siting of a 175 Domestic Waste Incinerator in Wijster, the Netherlands Josee Ligteringen, Hans Bressers 7.1 The Wijster problem 175 7.2 Chronology of the Wijster Incinerator Project 176 7.3 Actors 182 7.4 Conclusions 191 8 A Theoretical Framework for Case Study Analysis 197 Bruno Dente, Paolo Fareri, Josee Ligteringen 8.1 Elements of Public Policy Analysis 198 8.1.1 The Problem 199 8.1.2 Actors of the Decision Making Process 200 8.1.3 Interactions within the Network 208 8.1.4 Conclusions 213 8.2 Methods and Techniques for Case Study Analysis 214 8.2.1 Constructing the Chronology 215 8.2.2 Actor Analysis 218 8.2.3 Interaction Analysis and the Defmition of Success Factors 220 8.2.4 Conclusions 222 8.3 Conclusions 222

PREFACE This book presents the results of a research project on the siting of waste facilities that was carried out during the period 1992 until 1994 in seven European countries. In France, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland a specific case of the siting of a waste incineration plant was selected according to previously set criteria in order to study the decision making process. The aim of the project was to investigate the decision making processes on the siting of these particular waste facilities in order to identify the factors that can explain and predict the success of the decision making process. A theoretical framework was used to analyse and compare the decision making processes in the selected cases. This framework, based on a public policy analysis approach, was developed at the Instituto per la Ricerca Sociale by Bruno Dente and Paolo Fareri. The research project was funded by the European Union Directorate General XII, in the RTD Program in the Field of Environment, research area III: Research on Economic and Social Aspects of Environmental Issues. The Swiss study was financed by the Federal Office for Education and Sciences out of the special fund reserved for research projects conducted within the frame of European research programmes of the European Union. The comments of Angela Liberatore were very helpful in carrying out the research work. In the beginning the research project was carried out only in five European countries. Later on an extension of the project to two Eastern European countries was made possible by the European Union. This allowed us to have a Slovenian and a Hungarian case study in the project and gave us the opportunity to study two decision making processes on siting a waste facility in Eastern European countries.

2 BRUNO DENTE, PAOLO F ARERI, JOSEE LIGTERINGEN The seven selected cases were studied by the Universitad Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain), the Laboratoir d'observation de l'economie et des Institutions Locales (France), the Center for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy of the University of Twente (The Netherlands), Institut de Hautes Etudes en Administration Publique (Switzerland), the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) and the IEM Institute for Environmental Protection (Hungary). Because of the fact that the Hungarian siting procedure was not completed at the time this book went to press, an analysis of the Hungarian case is omitted. The research work was made possible largely thanks to the co-ordination by the Instituto per la Ricerca Sociale. The editing of the final research report for publication is partly due to the contributions of the Center for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy of the University of Twente (The Netherlands) and the Instituto per la Ricerca Sociale (Italy). In particular we would like to thank Hans Bressers for his editorial suggestions. Finally, we would like to thank the authors of this book for their willingness to revise their chapters more than once in order to achieve coherence. It is our hope that the book will be interesting to readers in the environmental field as well as in the field of policy studies. It is not meant to compare decision making processes on waste facilities siting in different countries, but to derive lessons from success stories of the decision making process of waste facilities that happened to be sited in six different European countries. Bruno Dente Paolo Fareri Josee Ligteringen