EEE 241 ELEKTRONIK ANALOG I

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Peperiksaan Semester Pertama Sidang Akademik 2008/2009 November 2008 EEE 241 ELEKTRONIK ANALOG I Masa : 3 Jam ARAHAN KEPADA CALON:- Sila pastikan kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi SEBELAS muka surat bercetak beserta Lampiran DUA muka surat bercetak dan ENAM soalan sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini. Jawab LIMA (5) soalan. Agihan markah diberikan di sudut sebelah kanan soalan berkenaan. Semua soalan hendaklah dijawab di dalam Bahasa Malaysia atau Bahasa Inggeris. 2/-

- 2 - [EEE 241] 1. (a) Terangkan fenomena berikut: Explain the following phenomenon: (i) pemodulatan panjang-saluran dalam MOSFET channel-length modulation in MOSFETs (4 marks) (ii) kesan badan dalam MOSFET body effect in MOSFETs (4 marks) (b) Tentukan mod operasi NMOSFET dalam Rajah 1. Seterusnya, tentukan titik-q (I D dan V DS ) bagi NMOS yang sama. K n = µ n C ox W/L = 250 µa/v 2 dan voltan ambang, V tn = 1 V. Determine the mode of operation of the NMOSFET in Figure 1. Subsequently, determine the Q-point (I D and V DS ) for the same NMOS. K n = µ n C ox W/L = 250 µa/v 2 and the threshold voltage, V tn = 1 V. (12 marks) + G V GS I D D S R D =1.6kΩ + V DS V DD =4V Rajah 1 Figure 1 3/-

- 3 - [EEE 241] 2. (a) (i) Beri takrifan bagi masa transit tapak. Define the base transit time. (2 marks) (ii) Merujuk kepada Rajah 2, nyatakan samaada C 1,C 2 dan C 3 adalah kapasitor gandingan atau pirau. Apakah kegunaan kapasitorkapasitor ini? Referring to Figure 2, state whether C 1,C 2 and C 3 are coupling or bypass capacitors. What are the applications of these capacitors? (6 marks) R 2 =30kΩ R C =4.3kΩ C 3 V CC =12V + v i R i C 1 R 1=10kΩ B C E R E =1.5kΩ R 3=100kΩ C 2 + v o Rajah 2 Figure 2 (b) (i) Kirakan gandaan voltan bagi penguat pemancar-sepunya dalam Rajah 2 jika transistor mempunyai β o = β F = 100, V T = 26 mv dan V A = 75 V. I C = 1.45 ma dan V CE = 3.41 V. Calculate the voltage gain of the common-emitter amplifier in Figure 2 if the transistor has β o = β F = 100, V T = 26 mv and V A = 75 V. I C = 1.45 ma and V CE = 3.41 V. 4/-

- 4 - [EEE 241] (ii) Buktikan bahawa r o tidak terlalu mempengaruhi gandaan voltan dalam (i). Prove that r o will not influence the voltage gain in (i) significantly. (iii) Jika isyarat masukan, v i, dalam Rajah 2 ialah satu isyarat 1-mV, 1-kHz, tentukan amplitud isyarat keluaran. If the input signal, v i, in Figure 2 is a 1-mV, 1-kHz signal, determine the amplitude of the output signal. (12 marks) 3. (a) (i) Bandingkan prestasi ketiga-tiga konfigurasi penguat BJT dari segi rintangan masukan dan keluaran dan gandaan voltan dan arus. Nyatakan 1 kegunaan bagi setiap satu konfigurasi berdasarkan kepada hasil daripada perbandingan tersebut. Make comparison on the performances of the 3 BJT amplifier configurations in terms of their input and output resistances and voltage and current gains. State 1 application of each configuration based on the result of your comparison. (6 marks) (ii) Bandingkan prestasi konfigurasi penguat pemancar-sepunya dan punca-sepunya dari segi rintangan masukan dan keluaran dan gandaan voltan dan arus. Daripada hasil perbandingan tersebut, nyatakan kenapa MOSFET semakin popular sebagai penguat. Make comparison on the performances of the common-emitter and common-source amplifier configurations in terms of their input and output resistances and voltage and current gains. From the results of your comparison, write the reasons why MOSFETs are gaining popularity as amplifiers. (4 marks) 5/-

- 5 - [EEE 241] (b) Satu daripada perkara paling awal mesti dilakukan bagi menyelesaikan masalah rekabentuk litar ialah untuk menentukan topologi/konfigurasi litar yang perlu digunakan. Jika satu penguat dengan rintangan keluaran 25 Ω diperlukan, apakah topologi yang anda cadangkan? Bandingkan jumlah arus yang anda jangka akan digunakan jika penguat tersebut menggunakan MOSFET atau BJT. Apakah nisbah W/L yang diperlukan oleh litar penguat MOSFET dalam topologi berkenaan? One of the first thing we must do to solve a circuit design problem is to decide on the circuit topology/configuration to be used. If an amplifier is needed with an output resistance of 25 Ω, what topology that you can suggest to be used? Make comparison on the amount of current to be used if the amplifier is to utilize a MOSFET or a BJT. What is the W/L ratio required by the MOSFET amplifier circuit with the mentioned topology? (10 marks) 6/-

- 6 - [EEE 241] 4. Pada Rajah 3, transistor dwikutub kaskod yang mengandungi pemancarsepunya menjana tapak-sepunya ditunjuk. Ciri-ciri penting di dalam menganalisa litar ini adalah rintangan masukan, rintangan keluaran, kealiran pindah, dan gandaan voltan. Andaikan rintangan tapak diabaikan. In Figure 3, the bipolar cascode transistor that constitutes the common-emitter driving the common-base is shown. The key characteristics in analyzing this circuit are the input resistance, output resistance, system transconductance, and the voltage gain We will assume that base resistance is negligible. Q2 Ro R V o V i Q 1 V BIAS V DD Rajah 3 Figure 3 (a) Lukis litar setara isyarat kecil menggunakan model. Tandakan litar sepenuhnya. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit using -model. Label the circuit completely. (b) Cari rintangan masukan, dan sistem kealiran pindah. Find input resistance, and the system transconductance. 7/-

- 7 - [EEE 241] (c) Buktikan rintangan keluaran sebagai Prove the output resistance is given by Saranan: Menggunakan model isyarat kecil, nyatakan andaian-andaian yang perlu bagi menentukan rintangan keluaran. Hint: Using the small-signal model, set up the requirement to determine the output resistance R o gm2ro 1 = r o2 1+ g r 1+ β0 m2 o1 (d) Cari gandaan voltan. Find the voltage gain. 5. Sebuah litar pengikut-punca diberi seperti pada Rajah 4 yang digunakan sebagai peringkat keluaran kelas A. Voltan ambang untuk transistor adalah didefinisikan sebagai A source follower circuit is given as shown in Figure 4 to be utilized as a Class A output stage. The threshold voltage of transistor can be defined as ( ) Vtn = Vt 0 + γ 2φf + Vo + VDD 2φf. 8/-

- 8 - [EEE 241] V DD I R M 1 V i M 3 I Q RL Vo M 2 V DD Rajah 4 Figure 4 (a) Takrif ciri isyarat pindah besar menggunakan voltan ambang yang dinyatakan. Define the large signal transfer characteristic using the mentioned threshold voltage above. (b) Lukis ciri isyarat pindah dengan label yang terperinci. Terangkan operasi bagi pengikut-punca sebagai penguat kelas A. Saranan: Tanda pada 4 posisi pada paksi y dan 3 posisi pada paksi x. Draw the transfer characteristic with detailed labels. Explain the operation of the source follower as the class A amplifier. Hint: Label 4 positions on the y-axis and 3 positions on the x-axis. 9/-

- 9 - [EEE 241] (c) Lukis rajah isyarat kecil. Abaikan litar cermin arus iaitu dan. Draw the small signal model. Neglect the current mirror circuit, i.e. and. (d) Cari gandaan voltan bagi menentukan kecerunan ciri pindah berdasarkan kepada model isyarat kecil di atas. Find the voltage gain to represent the slope of the transfer characteristic based on the small signal model above. 6. Penguat pemancar sepunya ditunjukkan pada Rajah 5 digunakan dengan meluas kerana ia mampu memberi penguat voltan yang baik. Walaubagaimanapun, sambutan frekuensi perlu dianalisa untuk menghasilkan satu kutub perusa supaya sistem di dalam keadaan stabil bersyarat. Juga isu dengan kesan Miller yang akan mengurangkan sambutan frekuensi di mana terdapat kesan kemuatan di antara keluaran ke masukan perlu diambil kira. Menggunakan kira hampir model isyarat kecil untuk sambutan frekuensi seperti pada Rajah 6, cari kutub berdasarkan kepada prosedur berikut. Dari Rajah 6, penguat voltan adalah diberi sebagai The common-emitter amplifier shown in Figure 5 is widely used as it provides us with high voltage gain. However, the frequency response needs to be analyzed in order for us to achieve a single-dominant pole solution so that the system will be conditionally stable. In addition, the issue with Miller effect that will reduce the frequency response as there will be strong capacitance between the output to the input needs to be addressed. Using small signal approximation as shown in Figure 6, find the pole using the following procedure. From Figure 6, the voltage gain is given as A v v = v o i = g m R L R s r + r in x + r in 1+ sc t 1 ( Rs + rx ) rin R + r + r s x in 10/-

- 10 - [EEE 241] V DD R L v o v i Rajah 5 Figure 5 R S r x v o v i v1 r in C in C M g v m i RL Rajah 6 Figure 6 (a) Cari gandaan voltan berfrekuensi rendah Find the low frequency voltage gain. 11/-

- 11 - [EEE 241] (b) Cari kutub perusa bagi permasaalahan di atas. Saranan: Gunakan persamaan berikut. Find the dominant pole for the above problem. Hint: Use the following relation (c) Cari frekuensi radian 3-dB,, dengan mengaitkannya dengan nilai kutub perusa ρ 1 di atas dan dengan menggunakan nilai kemuatan seluruh. Saranan: Kemuatan seluruh diberikan sebagai Find the 3-dB radian frequency by relating it to the dominant pole above and by using the total capacitance. Hint: The total capacitance is given as follows di mana C ialah kemuatan Miller dan C ialah kemuatan masukan. m where is the Miller capacitance and is the input capacitance. in (10 marks) oooo00oooo

Lampiran [EEE 241] Appendix

Lampiran [EEE 241] Appendix