The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at wwwemeraldinsightcom/0264-0473htm Applying the technology acceptance model to Iranian engineering faculty libraries Fatemeh Sheikhshoaei Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and Tahereh Oloumi Department of Library and Information Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Technology acceptance model 367 Received January 2010 Accepted January 2010 Abstract Purpose The purpose of this research is to study the determinant factors in the acceptance of information technology (IT) by librarians in the libraries of engineering faculties of public universities in Tehran Design/methodology/approach The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used as the research framework and the applicability of this model on the research population is studied The constructs of TAM include its perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and the intention to use IT These are the independent variables that affect the dependent variable of IT use The first six hypotheses of the research have been based on inter-relationships between each pair of variables in the TAM The applicability of the TAM model on the population of librarians is the seventh hypothesis The survey method was applied for collecting data, using a questionnaire The studied population included 160 librarians and the questionnaire was sent to all of them Findings The research findings indicate that all independent variables in the framework of TAM affect the acceptance of IT, but the final results (R ¼ 0033 for Model) indicate that the applicability of the TAM model to study this group is weak Originality/value There is a lack of research of the acceptance of IT using the TAM model in Iranian organizations and libraries, as well as in libraries and in library science around the world Keywords Communication technologies, Customer satisfaction, Librarians, Academic libraries, Iran Paper type Research paper 1 Introduction The computerization of Iranian library services started with the recording of the central library collection of Ahvaz University on 80-column punch cards in the middle of the 1970s However, at the end of this decade, the application of new information technologies (IT) was delayed as the result of social and economical problems caused by the Islamic Revolution and eight years of imposed war Nowadays, however, the importance of university libraries is acknowledged by top officials, and a part of the budget for IT applications in public organizations has been allocated to them The The authors would like to acknowledge and extend their heartfelt gratitude to Dr Alidousti (Assistant Professor in IranDOC), Dr Carol de Groot, and Dr Jamali for their support and encouragement, which have made the completion of this research possible The Electronic Library Vol 29 No 3, 2011 pp 367-378 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0264-0473 DOI 101108/02640471111141106
EL 29,3 368 availability of funding gradually increased the number of university libraries that use IT a trend that continues today In spite of the potential benefits of IT applications for these libraries, they are now faced with diverse problems: personal, organizational, cultural and social Therefore, research in this field is essential The personal factors, including the employees attitudes towards IT and their demographic features are considered to be the factors that have the greatest impact on the use of IT services and applications Regarding the potential role of humans in developing information services and also the usage of libraries, recognizing the importance of personal factors can result in an increase in the use of IT applications and finally, contribute to the development of the organization (Nakhoda, 2005) According to a study performed in this field (Dillon and Morris, 1996), researchers have used a number of different models and approaches to review the potential factors influencing the acceptance of IT Among these models, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is one of most valid because it studies factors on a personal level rather than on an organizational level TAM has been used extensively in research in many countries around the world and its applicability has been studied Like the research done in other countries, this study uses the TAM as a research framework to explore the applicability of the model 2 Technology acceptance model The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was introduced by FD Davis in 1986 in his PhD thesis based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) for modelling of the acceptance of IT by users (cited in Davis et al, 1989) This conceptual model has been developed to study the factors on computer acceptance by users and is considered as an appropriate model for studies at a personal level The basis comprises two factors: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use Perceived usefulness (U) is defined as the prospective user s subjective probability that using a specific application will increase his or her job performance within an organizational context The more an application improves their effectiveness in an organizational field, the more it is considered to be helpful Perceived ease of use (E), on the other hand, refers to the degree to which the prospective user expects the target system to be free of effort Therefore, the less time needed to learn to use the applications, the more they are used (Davis et al, 1989; Amoako-Gyampah and Salam, 2003; Klopping and McKinney, 2004) These two factors have a great impact on peoples attitudes towards the use of IT The external factors contain social and organizational factors, the features of computer systems such as software and hardware, the approach to training and also the support of other people in applying the computer systems These factors all have potential effects on users attitudes towards the usefulness and the ease of use of IT (Davis et al, 1989) 3 Research hypotheses In this study, the factors included in the TAM include the perceptions of librarians of the usefulness of IT applications for performing library-related activities and also their ease of use, their attitudes towards the IT application, their decision to apply them in this field and finally, their use of IT to perform related activities In this research, the
external factors of this model were not included, in order to limit the extent of the research A total of seven research hypotheses are posed on the constructive factors of the TAM, the relationship between these factors and also their general structure (Figure 1): H1 There is a positive and meaningful relationship between librarians perceived usefulness of IT and their attitudes towards the use of IT H2 There is a positive and meaningful relationship between librarians perceived usefulness of IT and the decision to use IT H3 There is a positive and meaningful relationship between librarians perceived ease of use of IT and their attitudes towards the use of IT H4 There is a positive and meaningful relationship between librarians perceived ease of use and their perception of the usefulness of IT H5 There is a positive and meaningful relationship between librarians attitudes towards the use of IT and the decision to use it H6 There is a positive and meaningful relationship between librarians decision to use IT and the use of it H7 The TAM is very suitable to study the determinant factors in the acceptance of IT in university libraries Technology acceptance model 369 4 Review of the literature Researchers use available, valid models and patterns to study the existing issues in their field and there are some models in the technology acceptance field that are highly regarded in research, including the TAM, the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Socio-technical Systems Theory of Acceptance (Dillon and Morris, 1996) The TAM was first developed and applied in North America and its use was gradually extended to other countries around the world Legris et al (2003) have reviewed research done with this model and defined its value for understanding the use of IT Their findings show that this model can predict about 40 percent of the factors that influence the use of IT Next, is an outline of some of the research performed in the USA and other countries using this model, and in particular, some uses of the model in the area of library and information science Figure 1 The research model
EL 29,3 370 Davis et al (1989) were the first to introduce the TAM and the theory of reasoned action in the USA Later, they used TAM to study the potential factors influencing the acceptance and use of word processing software among 107 students Their findings show that the students perceived usefulness of IT has a great and direct impact on their decision to use it, but that their perceived ease of use of the technology has less impact on this decision Their results suggest that there are simple but powerful models of the determinants of user acceptance, with practical value for evaluating systems and guiding managerial interventions aimed at improving the use of computer technology Also in the United States, Pan et al (2003) focused their study on the effects of five independent variables (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitudes towards the use, subjective norms and computer self-efficacy) on a dependent variable named the use of web city system They also studied the causal relationships among these variables Their results suggest that the Technology Acceptance Model may not be applicable in a higher education setting and that only some of its factors impacted the acceptance of the web city system That is to say, there were no casual relationships among the variables mentioned Notably, only the students attitudes towards the use of city web system and some subjective norms were considered as defining factors in the use of this system Al-Gahtani (2001) studied the application of the TAM in other cultures besides the United States and also the potential factors related to the acceptance of IT The findings show that this model has been used effectively in England Along with personal attitudes, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were found by the model to be the most important factors affecting the acceptance of IT In an earlier study, Rose and Straub (1998) looked at the application of the TAM in the Arab world in a survey about the growth of IT in developing countries The findings show that this model is highly applicable for research in Arab countries Spacey et al (2004a) found that most research implemented in library and information sciences on the application of IT has been only qualitative or does not include casual regularity in the models used, while research in other fields did use a casual model like the TAM A search for the TAM in Library Science databases revealed only the following papers Thong et al (2002), Vaidyanathan et al (2005), and Park et al (2009) have studied the potential factors affecting the acceptance of digital libraries among users using the TAM In the research performed by Thong et al (2002), three features for system interface and three organizational variables and three personal differences (essentially external factors) were identified, which would affect the perceived usefulness, the ease of use and the decision to use IT in this field The findings also show that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the defining factors in users acceptance of digital libraries In the research performed by Vaidyanathan et al (2005), five systematic and individual factors search function; terminology, relevance, design and display, and reliability were considered as external factors which have significant effects on perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness of digital libraries which in turn have a significant effect on individual user acceptance In the recent research performed by Park et al (2009) the factors that influence people s adoption and use of a digital library system were examined and the
applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in the context of developing countries was tested Using data from a survey of 16 institutions in Africa, Asia and Central/Latin America (n ¼ 1,082), a path analysis revealed that perceived ease of use of the library system had a significant impact on perceived usefulness, which ultimately led to behavioral intention to use In addition, the study examined the similarities and differences in the significant predictors of digital library acceptance across countries and continents Further, this study suggests that external variables that affect perceived ease of use and usefulness should be considered as important factors in the process of designing, implementing and operating digital library systems Such consideration will help decrease the mismatch between system design and local users requirements, and further facilitate the successful adoption of digital library systems in developing countries Spacey et al (2004a, b) also studied the characteristics of staff in public libraries, which influence the attitudes of users to the Internet In their research, the effects of factors such as gender, age, organizational variables, computer skills, information and communication technologies (ICT) experience and also subjective norms were studied in depth Their findings show that the current position of staff and also the level of that position have some potential effects on their perceived usefulness of Internet but that the workplace also has some effect on its perceived ease of use In the field of computer skills and ICT, most staff had adequate computer skills and considered the use of the Internet to be easy Technology acceptance model 371 5 Methodology The subjects of this research are librarians in engineering faculties of public universities throughout Tehran In total, nine universities with an engineering faculty, or universities generally considered to be engineering universities, were identified, including Sanati Sharif University, Amir Kabir, Khageh Nasiroddin-e Tousi, Elm-o Sanaat Iran, Tehran University, Tarbiat Moallem, Shahid Beheshti, Al-zahra and Tarbiat Modarres The number of librarians in these centres was estimated to be about 160 Because the number of participants to be included in the research was not large enough to be sampled, the researcher applied the consensus method to improve validity The method used to implement this research was a survey and the tool applied to collect information was a specially designed questionnaire All of the questions were concerned the constructive elements of the TAM In general, this questionnaire included 25 questions, excluding those related to demographic characteristics A Likert scale was used, with 5 representing highly agree and 1 representing highly disagree Most of these questions were used effectively by Davis and some other researchers in other fields of studies (Table I) The validity of the questions obtained from research in other fields was of potential importance in this field of this study, especially in studying the constructive elements of the TAM The questionnaires were distributed by the researcher and of the 160 questionnaires delivered to librarians, 156 were completed by the respondents Notably, one of them has been deleted from the list of questionnaires due to some incorrect information Therefore, the number of questionnaires in the study was 155, a rate of response of 968 percent This is regarded as an acceptable percentage To evaluate the first six concepts in this research and also the meaningful relationships between the dependent and independent variables, the
EL 29,3 372 Table I Constructs and research criteria Constructs Scaling criteria References 1 Perceived usefulness (U) The application of IT results in: 1-1 Expedite the rate of duties 1-2 Improve the quality of work 1-3 Increase the effectiveness of work 1-4 Increase accessibility to workrelated aims 1-5 Facilitate the duties we are required to perform 1-6 Is it specifically and generally helpful and influential? 2 Perceived ease of use (E) The main features of IT: 2-1 Being easily learned 2-2 The ease of use in all needed cases 2-3 Establishing acceptable and understandable relationships 2-4 Flexibility 2-5 The ease of skill acquisition 2-6 The application of IT is easy in general 3 Attitude to use (A) The use of IT is: 3-1 Good 3-2 Reasonable 3-3 Lovely 3-4 Pleasant 3-5 Helpful 4 Behavioral intention to use (BI) The intention to use IT: 4-1 To perform the duties 4-2 Continuously 4-3 If it is accessible 4-4 In immediate future 5 Actual system use 5-1 The application of different IT 5-2 Often used for other activities 5-3 High frequency of use 5-4 The time of use daily Al-Gahtani (2001); Anandarajan et al (2002) Al-Gahtani (2001); Anandarajan et al (2002) Al-Gahtani (2001); Thong et al (2002) Thong et al (2002) Al-Gahtani (2003) researchers applied a non-parametric correlative method using Spearman s rank correlation coefficient A method mainly based on path analysis was used to measure the last concept 6 Findings The data gathered from the research are presented in the following three categories: (1) a description of the research population; (2) a description of the research variables; and (3) an evaluation of the research concepts/hypotheses
Description of the research group Following the analysis of the 155 questionnaires, it is clear that there were more women (117) than men (38) The majority of the respondents were aged between 31-40 (just one more than in the age group 19-30) It was also discovered that the most of the librarians had work experience of between one and five years and the majority of respondents had BA degrees That is to say, about 49 were majoring in IT and library-related skills and the remaining 61 were specialized in other subjects The information related to the names of colleges and also the location of activities, has not been presented, due to the diversity of the responses Technology acceptance model 373 Description of the research variables In general, the average of respondents perceived usefulness of IT was approved beyond the agreement level and in some cases reached high agreement This mainly shows that all respondents perceive IT to be most useful In addition, in general the average respondent s perceived ease of use of IT was also beyond the agreement factor and in some cases approached the high agreement level In general, the average of attitude to use IT also passed the agreement factor and in some cases reached a high agreement level The average for respondents decisions to apply IT in the library has also passed the high agreement level High potential uses of IT in the libraries studied were recorded: 87 items for library-related software; 85 items for WWW; 78 items for compact disc; 72 items for printers; and 68 items for word processors The most highly-rated tasks were searching the library database with 102 cases, searching for information on the internet with 92 cases, loan services with 83 cases, cooperation among libraries with 57 cases, information storage and retrieval with 55 cases and cataloguing with 48 cases Most respondents (111) apply IT many times in a day to accomplish their tasks and some (74) use IT for three hours in a day Examination of the research hypotheses Table II shows the results for the first six hypotheses presented in this research The first five hypotheses as well as the sixth have been approved, with 99 and 95 confidence rates, respectively To evaluate the seventh hypothesis, the following have been considered: Measure the path coefficients: As shown in Figure 2, the quantity of the model error was around 0967, presented in the table as ðe ¼ 1- R 2 ) based on the R 2 value in Table III This table has been evaluated considering the use of IT as a dependent variable and the intention to use as an independent variable Figure shows the rest as dependent variables Define the causal effect of variables: to define the total causal effect of any independent variable on a research-dependent variable, it is necessary to measure its direct and indirect effects, as presented in Table IV The intention to use variable had the most potential effects on the use of IT in engineering
EL 29,3 374 faculty libraries throughout Tehran ðb ¼ 0:183Þ: Following this variable, the others perceived use, perceived ease of use and the perceived usefulness of IT were found to have potential effects on acceptance of IT Evaluate the goodness of fit: to evaluate goodness of fit of the model in order to discover its applicability, it is first necessary to define the possible combinations of the model variables based on dependence and independence, and then to measure the partial regression coefficient in a standard way to determine the model coefficient for every combination Regarding the final model (Figure 3), four combinations of variables can be made Table V shows the combinations, their partial and model coefficients Based on this finding, Perceived ease of use accounts for about 45 percent of changes in Perceived usefulness, the two variables, Perceived usefulness and Perceived ease of use account for 567 percent of changes in the variable Attitude to use, and the three variables, Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use and Attitude to use account for about 758 percent of changes in the variable Intention to use Finally, it has been shown that the variable Intention to use accounts for 33 percent of the changes in main dependent variable of this model (actual system use) Table II Examination of the research hypotheses Dependent variables/ independent variables Perceived usefulness (U) Attitude toward using (A) Behavioral intention to use (BI) Actual system use Perceived usefulness (U) 0597 * 0475 * Perceived ease of use (E) 0585 * 0526 * Attitude to use (A) 0560 * Behavioral intention to use (BI) 0205 ** Notes: * p, 001; ** p, 005 Figure 2 Path diagram along with coefficients Table III Coefficient of the model Model R R square Adjusted R square Std error of the estimate 1 0183(a) 0033 0027 311
Effects sum Effect rate Effect type Variable 0075 X 1! X 4! X 5 0171 * 0183 ¼ 0044 X 1! X 3! X 4! X 5 0395 * 0618 * 0183 0105 X 2! X 4! X 5 0163 * 0183 ¼ 0029 X 2! X 3! X 4! X 5 0432 * 0618 * 0183 ¼ 0047 X 2! X 1! X 3! X 4! X 5 067 * 0395 * 0618 * 0183 ¼ 0029 0113 X 3! X 4! X 5 0618 * 0183 ¼ 0113 0183 X 4! X 5 0183 Indirect Indirect Indirect Direct Perceived usefulness (U) Perceived ease of use (E) Attitude to use (A) Behavioral intention to use (BI) Technology acceptance model 375 Table IV Effect of research-independent variables on the dependent variable Figure 3 Path diagram along with coefficients Model Behavioral intention to use (BI) Attitude to using (A) Perceived ease of use (E) Perceived usefulness (U) Independent variables/dependent coefficient X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1 variables 0450 0670 X 1 Perceived usefulness (U) 0567 0445 0413 X 3 Attitude to use (A) 0758 0634 0219 0233 X 4 Behavioral intention to use (BI) 0033 0183 X 5 Actual system use Table V Partial regression and model coefficient of the different combinations of variables 7 Discussion and conclusions Based on these findings, the research hypotheses can be interpreted as follows Considering the validity of the first six hypotheses in this research, we reach the following results:
EL 29,3 376 The constructive factors of the TAM can be considered to have the most potential for studying IT applications and also IT acceptance (Al-Gahtani, 2001; Thong et al, 2002; Spacey et al, 2004a, b) Regarding the validity hypotheses related to the two main factors of the TAM, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, we can conclude that: the more that IT is helpful and easy to be applied in different fields, the more it is used In fact, these factors have a great influence on the attitude of librarians to using IT, and consequently, results in influencing their intention to effectively apply IT in related fields (Rose and Straub, 1998) The seventh hypothesis of this model deals with the applicability of the TAM in the study of Iranian university libraries Regarding the total coefficient of this model (033) and also considering the use of IT as a dependent variable and the intention to use as an independent one, we can acknowledge that the changes in the main dependent variable of 33 percent are somehow related to changes in other variable, the intention to use Legris et al (2003) have mentioned that the TAM could anticipate about 40 percent of factors with potential impact on the use of IT, so, this coefficient is not essentially matched with the coefficient in the TAM and shows that the last hypothesis is weak This could be due to the limitations of this model As mentioned, this model is designed especially for individual not social and organizational factors Notably, the external factors in the model make no noticeable impact, while other research strongly supports the role of organizational factors on IT application (Orlikowski and Tyre, 1993; Orlikowski and Hofman, 1997) Therefore, if we consider the variable called the intention to use (Figure 3) as a dependent variable and the rest as independent, the defining coefficient will be 0758 (Table V) This shows that the changes in the dependent variable in this model, called the intention to use of 758 percent is partially related to changes in other the variables perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as well as in the attitude to use IT In summary, it can be concluded that the part of model related to personal factors is highly approved: the relationship between the factors perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and the attitude to use with the factor intention to use ), but the parts related to organizational factors are weakly approved (the relationship between the intention to use and use ) That is to say, the organization has a potential role in providing the needed IT, the training of employees in the IT in use and also in the updating/upgrading of their skills References Al-Gahtani, SS (2001), The applicability of TAM outside North America: an empirical test in the United Kingdom, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol 14 No 3, pp 37-46 Al-Gahtani, SS (2003), Computer technology adoption in Saudi Arabia: correlates of perceived innovation attributing, Information Technology for Development, Vol 10 No 1, pp 57-69
Amoako-Gyampah, K and Salam, AF (2003), An extension of the technology acceptance model in an ERP implementation environment, Information & Management, Vol 41 No 6, pp 731-45 Anandarajan, M, Igbaria, M and Anakwe, VP (2002), IT acceptance in a less-developed country: a motivational factor perspective, International Journal of Information Management, Vol 22 No 1, pp 47-65 Davis, FD, Bagozzi, RP and Warshaw, PR (1989), User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, Vol 35 No 8, pp 982-1003 Dillon, A and Morris, MG (1996), User acceptance of information technology: theories and models, in Williams, ME (Ed), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), American Society of Information Science (ASIS), Medford, NJ, pp 3-32 Klopping, IM and McKinney, E (2004), Extending the technology acceptance model and the task-technology fit model to consumer e-commerce, Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, Vol 22 No 1, pp 35-48 Legris, P, Ingham, J and Collerette, P (2003), Why do people use information technology? A critical review of the technology acceptance model, Information & Management, Vol 40 No 3, pp 191-204 Nakhoda, M (2005), Studying the personal factors on information technology by librarians in Tehran university libraries, MA thesis, Tehran University, Tehran Orlikowski, WJ and Hofman, JD (1997), An improvisational model for change management: the case of groupware technologies, Sloan Management Review, Vol 38 No 2, pp 11-21 Orlikowski, WJ and Tyre, M (1993), Exploiting opportunities for technological improvement in organizations, Sloan Management Review, Vol 35 No 1, pp 13-26 Pan, CC, Sivo, S and Brophy, J (2003), Students attitude in a web-enhanced hybrid course: a structural equation modeling inquiry, Journal of Educational Media and Library Sciences, Vol 41 No 2, pp 181-94 Park, N, Roman, R, Lee, S and Chung, JE (2009), User acceptance of a digital library system in developing countries: an application of the Technology Acceptance Model, International Journal of Information Management, Vol 29 No 3, pp 196-209 Rose, G and Straub, D (1998), Predicating general IT use: applying TAM to the Arabic world, Journal of Global Information Management, Vol 6 No 3, pp 39-46 Spacey, R, Goulding, A and Murray, I (2004a), The power of influence: what affects public library staff s attitudes to the internet?, Library Management, Vol 25 Nos 6-7, pp 270-6 Spacey, R, Goulding, A and Murray, I (2004b), Exploring the attitudes of public library staff to the internet using the TAM, Journal of Documentation, Vol 60 No 5, pp 550-64 Thong, JYL, Hong, W and Tam, K (2002), Understanding user acceptance of digital libraries: what are the roles of interface characteristics, organizational context, and individual differences?, International Journal Human-Computer Studies, Vol 57 No 3, pp 215-42 Vaidyanathan, G, Sabbaghi, A and Bargellini, M (2005), User acceptance of digital library: an empirical exploration of individual and system components, Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol VI No 2, pp 279-85 Technology acceptance model 377 About the authors Fatemeh Sheikhshoaei has an MA in Library and Information Sciences and has received a scholarship as a PhD candidate She is also Research Assistant at the Department of Medical
EL 29,3 378 Library and Information Sciences of the School of Allied Medical Sciences in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Her research is focused on information technology application in libraries, digital libraries, traditional and online peer review process in scientific journals, Medical Subject Heading (MeSH), and information marketing Fatemeh Sheikhshoaei is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: fashoaei@razitumsacir Tahereh Oloumi is Associate Professor (Retired) at Tehran University and has a PhD in Library and Information Science Her research activity is mainly concentrated on library management and administration In particular, her interest is oriented toward information technology application in libraries To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsightcom Or visit our web site for further details: wwwemeraldinsightcom/reprints