SpringerBriefs in Space Development Series Editor: Joseph N. Pelton, Jr. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10058
Audrey L. Allison The ITU and Managing Satellite Orbital and Spectrum Resources in the 21st Century
Audrey L. Allison Boeing Company Boeing, WA, USA ISSN 2191-8171 ISSN 2191-818X (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-05313-4 ISBN 978-3-319-05314-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05314-1 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014934895 Audrey Allison 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This Springer book is published in collaboration with the International Space University. At its central campus in Strasbourg, France, and at various locations around the world, the ISU provides graduate-level training to the future leaders of the global space community. The university offers a 2-month Space Studies Program, a 5-week Southern Hemisphere Program, a 1-year Executive MBA, and a 1-year Master s program related to space science, space engineering, systems engineering, space policy and law, business and management, and space and society. These programs give international graduate students and young space professionals the opportunity to learn while solving complex problems in an intercultural environment. Since its founding in 1987, the International Space University has graduated more than 3,000 students from 100 countries, creating an international network of professionals and leaders. ISU faculty and lecturers from around the world have published hundreds of books and articles on space exploration, applications, science, and development. v
Contents 1 Introduction... 1 References... 3 2 The Basics of Satellites and the ITU... 5 The Satellite Industry... 5 A Closer Look at the International Telecommunication Union... 8 The Beginning of International Space Regulation... 13 References... 15 3 International Regulatory Framework for Satellites... 17 ITU Regulatory Framework for Satellites... 17 Equitable Access... 21 References... 24 4 The Advent of Paper Satellites... 25 The Backlog... 25 Paper Satellites... 26 Seeking a Solution... 28 References... 29 5 Due Diligence Solutions... 31 Australia Pushes for Reform: 1994... 31 The Due Diligence Debate... 33 WRC-97: Considerations and Outcomes... 34 Plenipotentiary Approval, 1998... 38 Later Developments... 39 References... 42 6 Satellite Network Cost Recovery... 45 Improving the Union s Financial Base, 1994... 45 Council Actions, 1997 1998... 46 Minneapolis Adopts Cost Recovery, 1998... 47 vii
viii Contents WRC-2000 Effort to Implement Cost Recovery... 49 Cost Recovery Issues and Solutions... 50 References... 52 7 The Current State of Virtual Satellites... 55 WRC-12: Satellite Regulatory Mini-Conference... 59 WRC-12 Actions on Administrative Due Diligence... 60 WRC-12 Actions on Satellite Network Cost Recovery... 64 WRC-12 Actions on Equitable Access (Resolution 80)... 67 Council Postscript... 70 References... 71 8 2015 and Beyond... 75 Preparations for WRC-15... 75 Conclusion and Postscript... 78 References... 79 Appendix A Resolution 18 (1994) Review of the ITU s Frequency Coordination and Planning Framework for Satellite Networks... 81 Appendix B Resolution 80 (Rev.WRC-07) Due Diligence in Applying the Principles Embodied in the Constitution... 83 Appendix C Decision 482 (Modified 2013) Implementation of Cost Recovery for Satellite Network Filings... 87
About the Author Audrey L. Allison is the director of Frequency Management Services for the Boeing Company. In this role, she leads Boeing s domestic and international spectrum management in support of Boeing products, testing and operations including licensing, compliance, strategic regulatory planning, and policy development. She also represents Boeing on a broad range of industry telecommunication policies and spectrum advocacy before the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL), and US government agencies, such as the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). In 2012, Allison was reelected by the ITU Radiocommunication Assembly to serve as a vice-chair of the ITU s Radiocommunication Advisory Group in Geneva, Switzerland for a second 4-year term. She also serves as a board member of the US ITU Association and as an alternate board member of the Satellite Industry Association. She is the chair of the FCC s World Radiocommunication Conference Advisory Committee Working Group on aeronautical, maritime, and radar issues. She previously chaired the FCC Advisory Committee s Regulatory Working Group for the three previous World Radio Conferences. Allison also serves as a member of the State Department s Advisory Committee on International Communications and Information Policy. Allison is a member of the Adjunct Faculty of the International Space University in Strasbourg, France, and lectures on satellite regulatory issues for McGill University s Institute of Air and Space Law in Montreal. Before coming to Boeing, Allison held legal positions with the FCC, Iridium LLC, and law firms in Washington, DC. She also was a consultant on international communication policy and regulatory issues to the US Department of Defense. Allison has a Master of Business Administration, cum laude, from the International Space University in Strasbourg, France; a Master of Law in International and Comparative Law from Georgetown University in Washington, DC; a Juris Doctor in Communications Law Studies from the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC; and a Bachelor of Arts in Communications from Pennsylvania State University. ix
Abbreviations A Advance Publication Information ADM Administration API Advance Publication Information BR Radiocommunication Bureau BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service C Coordination Request CHF Swiss Franc COPUOS Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space CPM Conference Preparatory Meeting CR Coordination Request EARC-63 1963 Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference to Allocate Frequency Bands for Space Radiocommunication Purposes (Geneva) ESA European Space Agency FCC Federal Communications Commission GSO Geostationary-Satellite Orbit HDTV High Definition Television IFIC International Frequency Information Circular ITR International Telecommunication Regulations ITU International Telecommunication Union MIFR Master International Frequency Register Mod. Modified N. Notification NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration No. Number Not. Notification ORB-88 1988 World Administrative Radio Conference on the Use of Geostationary-Satellite Orbit and the Planning of Space Services Utilizing It RAG Radiocommunication Advisory Group RES49 Resolution 49 Rev. Revised xi
xii RR RRB SC-WP UAE UK UN USA WARC WARC-79 WCIT-12 WRC WRC-97 WRC-2000 WRC-03 WRC-07 WRC-12 WRC-15 Abbreviations Radio Regulations Radio Regulation Board Working Party of the Special Committee on Regulatory/Procedural Matters United Arab Emirates United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Nations United States of America World Administrative Radiocommunication Conference 1979 World Administrative Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva) 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunication (Dubai) World Radiocommunication Conference 1997 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva) 2000 World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul) 2003 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva) 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva) 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva) 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva)