ECS455: Chapter 4 Multiple Access 4.9 Async. CDMA: Gold codes and GPS 1 Dr.Prapun Suksompong prapun.com/ecs455 Office Hours: BKD 3601-7 Tuesday 9:30-10:30 Tuesday 13:30-14:30 Thursday 13:30-14:30
Asynchronous CDMA Model In cellular systems, the design of the reverse link (mobileto-base station) is considerably simplified if the users need not be synchronized. It is possible to let the users transmit asynchronously in CDMA. Codes assigned to different users need to have low cross correlation with each other independent of the relative delays Gold codes 2
Gold codes Gold codes have worse autocorrelation properties than maximal-length codes, but better cross-correlation properties if properly designed. The chip sequences associated with a Gold code are produced by addition of two m-sequences. 3 [Ziemer, 2007, Fig. 9]
Orthogonality (a revisit) 4 Downlinks May use orthogonal spreading codes such as Walsh-Hadamard codes Orthogonality can be degraded by multipath fading. Uplinks Generally use non-orthogonal codes due to the difficulty of user synchronization and the complexity of maintaining code orthogonality in uplinks with multipath. Little dynamic coordination of users in time or frequency is required Users can be separated by the code properties alone. There is a hard limit on how many orthogonal channels (orthogonal codes) can be obtained. For non-orthogonal codes, there is no hard limit. Non-orthogonal codes cause mutual interference between users. The more users, the higher the level of interference Degrade the performance of all the users. Non-orthogonal CDMA scheme also requires power control in the uplink to compensate for the near-far effect. [Goldsmith, p 458]
Review: Near-far Effect Arise in the uplink because the channel gain between a user s transmitter and the receiver is different for different users. Suppose that one user is very close to his base station or access point, and another user very far away. If both users transmit at the same power level, then the interference from the close user will swamp the signal from the far user. Power control Make the received signal power of all users to be roughly the same Essentially inverts any attenuation and/or fading on the channel Each interferer must contribute an equal amount of power Eliminating the near-far effect 5
Global Positioning System (GPS) Original application in the (US) military Created in the early 1990s. Allow a person to determine the time and the person's precise location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) anywhere on earth. 6
Applications The potential applications of GPS are so vast that it has been called (with some exaggeration) the next utility (similar to gas, water, and electricity). Most people probably think of it as the satellite system that allows their satnavs to work, but GPS is everywhere these days: it automatically opens train doors at stations; it tags our photos so we ll remember where we took them; it even keeps serves clocks in sync. Its main use, however, is in preventing marital arguments on long car journeys. 7 [PC Pro, 2011-08, 100 Technologies That Changed The World]
GPS Satellites A minimum of 24 GPS satellites are in orbit at 20,200 kilometers (12,600 miles) above the Earth. The satellites are spaced so that from any point on Earth, at least four satellites will be above the horizon. 8
GPS and Gold codes Gold codes are used to distinguish the signals from different satellites Coarse Acquisition Code (C/A) Standard Positioning Service (SPS) The message data is transmitted at 50 bits per second. 1023 bits with a period of one millisecond. Positions of these feedback determine the satellite ID 9 [Plausinaitis]
10 Auto and cross correlation of C/A code
How GPS Works? A GPS receiver measuring its distance from a group of satellites in space which are acting as precise reference points. All the satellites have atomic clocks of unbelievable precision on board and are synchronized. The satellite are continuously transmitting the information about their location and time. GPS receiver on the ground is in synchronism with the satellites. Off by an (unknown) amount. For now, assume = 0. By measuring the propagation time, the receiver can compute distance d from that satellite. 11
GPS-Trilateration Intersection of three sphere narrows down the location to just two points. 12 [Lathi,1998, Fig. 9.6 ] In practice, there are four unknowns, the coordinates in the three-dimensional space of the user along with within the user s receiver. Need a distance measurement from a fourth satellite.
ECS455: Chapter 4 Multiple Access 4.10 Other Remarks 13 Dr.Prapun Suksompong prapun.com/ecs455 Office Hours: BKD 3601-7 Tuesday 9:30-10:30 Tuesday 13:30-14:30 Thursday 13:30-14:30
FDMA never dies! Any CDMA or TDMA system will normally include an FDMA component, and can therefore be considered as a hybrid CDMA/FDMA or TDMA/FDMA system. In the relatively narrowband TDMA-based 2G systems with a small number of slots per frame D-AMPS: 30 khz carrier, three users per carrier GSM: 200 khz carrier, eight full-rate users per carrier FDMA still fulfills a role in providing multiple access, although not down to individual channels. 14
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Control the radiated energy for each user in space. Use spot beam antennas. Sectorized antennas may be thought of as a primitive application of SDMA. 15