SIDE (IRT 3930) Loeng 3/2012 Signaalid sidesüsteemis Teema - signaalid. Avo Ots. telekommunikatsiooni õppetool,

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SIDE (IRT 3930) Loeng 3/2012 Signaalid sidesüsteemis Teema - signaalid Avo Ots telekommunikatsiooni õppetool, TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika inst. avo.ots@ttu.ee Signaalid 81

Süsteemi näide input Microphone Encoder Transmitter output signals signals Channel output Speaker Decoder Receiver Telephone System input Signaalid 82

Sellie vaatepilt Signaalid 83

BT FM/XM Seadmevaade A/D Cellular GPS A/D DVB-H A/D DSP Apps Processor Media Processor WLAN Wimax A/D Maksumus; võimsustarve, mõõtmed...? 84

Signaalid liideses Vaskjuhe Kiudoptiline Raadiokanal x(t) x[n] X(f) Signaalid 85

Võrguhierarhia T u u m Pöördusvõrk xdsl GPRS Signaalid 86

Kanalid arvutis Signaalid 87

ISP ASP APPLICATION ALL IP NET Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Open Air Interface (3G, BWA, WLAN, WLL) Wired Cat 5, Cat 6, P O N Signaalid 88

Võrguteenus ja -haldus content adaptation profile handling mobility management Network Service Domain AAA support access selection access discovery Access Network Domain Signaalid 89

Võrgud ja terminalid B A D C G E F Signaalid 90

Terminaalid võrgus Mobiilvõrgud ja raadiovõrgud Telefonivõrgud ( IP ) Kodukeskjaam PBX IP telefoni võrgud Lairibavõrgud Elektrivõrgud Signaalid 91

Keerukus only nodes on the same physical/link layer network could communicate Signaalid 92

Vahekihid Ssh FTP HTTP coaxial cable fiber optic packet radio Ssh FTP HTTP coaxial cable fiber optic packet radio Signaalid 93

Inmarsat Punkt-punkt ühendus Signaalid 94

Simpleksside Multiple receivers Transmitter Signaalid 95

Leviühendus Broadcast DBS - direct broadcast satellite Multiple receivers Transmitter Signaalid 96

Kahesuunaline ühendus Signaalid 97

Dupleks - FDD FDD: Frequency Division Duplex Mobiilne Terminal M Allalüli Forward Channel Reverse Channel Üleslüli Tugijaam B Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands Signaalid 98

Dupleks - TDD TDD: Time Division Duplex Mobiilne Terminal M M B M B M B Tugijaam B A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately. Signaalid 99

Traadita kanal Signaalid 100

Moduleerimata sinusoid Konstantne amplituud,sagedus ja faas: kõik parameetrid on teada ja ei sisalda vastuvõtmisel infot; t A t cos t t x c Matemaatiline (ja eksperimentaalne) mugav mudel, valimaks parameetrite vahendusel modulatsioonivõimalusi Signaalid 101

Signaalide spektrid Lõpliku signaali spekter on leitav kasutades Fourier teisendust (transformation) või Fourier rida (series) Signaalid 102

Amplituudmodulatsioon t t t sinα sinβ = = sin (α + β) + + sin (α β) Signaalid 103

Digitaalsignaal kanalis AM FM PM DPM Signaalid 104

Selected Previous Work DTMF 1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz 697 Hz 1 2 3 A 770 Hz 4 5 6 B 852 Hz 7 8 9 C 941 Hz * 0 # D ITU DTMF Specifications Frequency Low Group 1.5% Tolerance High Group 3.5% Signal Operation 40 ms min Duration Non-operation 23 ms max Signal Pause Duration 40 ms max Exceptions Signal Interruption 10 ms min Twist Forward 8 db Reverse 4 db Twist is caused by a non-uniform power loss across the frequency spectrum Normal twist is when low frequency power is greater than high frequency Reverse twist is obviously the reverse condition The detector must reject 8dB and 4dB for normal and reverse twist respectively Signaalid 105

DTMF dekoodri väljund Signaalid 106

Kanali mahutavus Bitikiirus.. modulatsioonikiirus Signaalid 107

Bitikiiruse suurendamine Faas Amplituud Signaalid 108

Sumbuvus atmosfääris db/km 10 2 10 H 2 O 1 10-2.005 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 O 2 Sagedus (GHz) Signaalid 109

Üleslüli signaali spekter CATV-s Martin Murre Signaalid lõputöö kevadel 2004 110

Radio Frequency (RF) Modem Ülekantav signaal: bitivoog (stream of bits) Digital sinusoidal modulation in digital signaling Analog sinusoidal modulation in carrier circuits for upconversion to RF Error Correction Digital Signaling D/A Converter m[k] Signal Processing Carrier Circuits Transmission Medium Carrier Circuits Signal Processing mˆ [ k] TRANSMITTER s(t) CHANNEL r(t) RECEIVER Signaalid 111

Kiudoptiline kaabel Plastic Outer Coating Glass Core Optical Cladding 1620 Valguse murdumise seadus (W.Snellius, R.Descartes) n 1 sin 1 n2 sin 2 2 n 2 n 1 cladding core 1 2 Signaalid 112

Koaksiaalkaabel Insulation, ground, insulation, main wire kasutatakse 2 tüüpi koaksiaalkaableid: Jäme 1/2 tolli (thick) 10BASE5 (yellow cable) Peen 1/4 tolli (thin) 10BASE2 Signaalid 113

Kiudmeedia ja kasutus DWDM DWDM OXC X Y Z WAN Router Core Router Access Router Customers Web Server Web Server Web Server Host Router/switch eye safety Signaalid 114

I K T (ICT) Digital signal processing Communications Information theory Control theory Electronics Electrical Circuits Engineering Optics Power systems Electromagnetic Information Engineering Computer Engineering / Computer Science Algorithms Architecture Complexity Programming Language Compilers Operating Systems Signaalid 115

Tradeoffs Rate 802.11n 802.11g/a 4G 802.11b Power UWB Bluetooth ZigBee Range

Kasutuskava muutus One computer/phone, many users mainframe era home phone party line PC era cell phone era One computer/phone, one user Many computers/phones, one user ~ ubiquitous computing embedded VoIP anywhere, any time any media right place (device), right time, right media 117

Subscriptions in million Penetration Mobiilterminali tehnoloogiad 5 000 Global Mobile subscriptions by technology (m) 4 500 4 000 3 500 WCDMA GSM CDMA Other 120% 100% 3 000 80% 2 500 2 000 60% 1 500 40% 1 000 500 20% 0 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 118

Free space loss Signaalid 119

Lõpulingid (3) http://www.tomax7.com/aplus/cat5.htm http://www.inmarsat.com/ http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publicatio ns/telecomreport/archive/ http://www.mike-willis.com/tutorial/pf1.htm http://www.marconi.com/ http://www.3kgroup.ee/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/optical_fiber http://www.ieee.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free-space_path_loss Signaalid 120