IP Strategies to Enhance Competitiveness: India s Experience N. N. Prasad Wednesday July 15, 2009 Innovation in Brazil, India and South Africa: A New Drive for Economic Growth and Development
Strategy To establish a vibrant Intellectual Property (IP) regime that: Creates a conducive milieu for innovation and creativity Provides a legal and administrative framework for protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Promotes larger public good through a balanced and effective utilization of IP.
Strategy Meet international obligations Safeguard national interests Modernize Create awareness
Legislations - Comply with India s International Obligations The Patents Act, 1970 as amended by the Patents (amendment) Act, 2005 The Trade Marks Act, 1999 The Designs Act, 2000 The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999 The Copyright Act, 1957 as amended In 1999 The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout- Design Act, 2000 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act 2001. 4
Public Interest Safeguards The Patents Act seeks to effectively balance and calibrate IP Protection with public health, national security and public interest concerns.
Safeguards Exemptions from Patentability The exemptions, inter alia, include: new use of a known drug or substance [section 3 (d)]: mere discovery of a new form/ use/ property/ process, etc., of a known substance which does not result in enhanced efficacy is not patentable salts, esters, ethers, polymorphs, etc. of known substance are to be considered to be the same substance until these differ significantly in properties with regard to efficacy substance obtained by a mere admixture [section 3(e)]
Safeguards Exemptions from Patentability any process for the medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic [diagnostic, therapeutic] or other treatment of human beings [section 3(i)] plants and animals in whole or any part thereof other than micro-organisms [section 3 (j)] a mathematical or business method or a computer programme per se or algorithms [section 3 (k)] an invention which in effect is traditional knowledge. [section 3(p)].
Safeguards - Disclosure Provisions establishing linkages between TRIPS and CBD: Disclosure of source and geographical origin of biological material used in the invention while applying for patent is mandatory [section 10 (4) (d) (ii) (D)] Non-disclosure entails rejection/revocation opposition provisions under section 25 (j) and revocation provisions under section 64 (p).
Safeguards- Compulsory Licences Provisions for issuance of CL at any time after expiry of three years from the date of grant of a patent, on the grounds: That reasonable requirements of public with respect to the patented invention have not been satisfied, or That the patent invention is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, or That the patented invention is not worked in the territory of India [Section 84(1)]. Provisions to deal with national emergency, extreme urgency and public non-commercial use under special circumstances [Section 92].
Safeguards - Other provisions Patent can be revoked on the ground of non-working or the patented invention not being available to the public at reasonably affordable price [section 85] For public purpose the Government can compulsorily acquire patent rights against payment of compensation [section 102] Bolar Provision [section 107] Patent can be revoked in the interest of security of India [section 157 A].
Modernization Objective To create state of the art infrastructure To build capacity including HRD To create awareness First phase of modernization implemented at a cost of US$35 million.
Impact of Modernization Particulars Filing of Applications Before Modernization Patents 4,800 (1999-2000) Trade Marks 40,000 (1999-2000) Average time for examination After Modernization 35,067 (2007-08) 1,23,000 (2007-08) Impact 7 times increase 3 times increase Patents 4-5 years 2-3 months Speedy examination Trade Marks 2-3 years 3-6 months
Impact Particulars Before Modernization After Modernization Impact IPRs Granted/Registered Patents 1,500 (1999-2000) Trade Marks 8,000 (1999-2000) Average time for Grant/Registration 15,261 (2007-08) 101,300 (2007-08) 10-fold increase 12 times increase Patents 6-10 years 2-3 years Reduced by 4 years Trade Marks 7-10 years 2 years Reduced by 5 years
Impact Particulars Filing of applications Journal for publishing of applications Public Search Facilities Training facilities Before Modernization Only paper format After Modernization E-filing in addition to paper format Impact Userfriendly, transparent Paper format Electronic format Easily accessible Not available No separate institute existed Available through website NIIPM established Easily accessible Comprehen sive training possible
Impact Particulars Digitization of Records Before Modernization After Modernization Impact Patents NIL 1.35 lakh Speedy examination Trade Marks NIL 6.00 lakh Speedy examination Processing of Applications Manual Electronic Speedy examination Dedicated website Did not exist earlier Dedicated website Easy access
Impact Particulars Human Resources Before Modernization After Modernization Impact Examiners of Patents and Designs Examiners of Trade Marks 36 140 4 - fold increase 37 64 2 - fold increase
Impact Particulars Before Modernization After Modernization Impact Trainings abroad Patent Examiners Trade Mark Examiners 2-3 per annum for short term 1-2 per annum for short term 20-25 per annum Short term and long term 5-7 per annum for short term Wider exposure to international systems and procedures
Impact Seeing is believing Before Entrance Area Now
Application Receiving Section Before Now
Information Kiosk
Digitization section
LIBRARY Before Now OLD
MULTI-PURPOSE AREA Before Now
Storage Area Before Now
Modernization - Second Phase Projects at a cost of US$80 million are under implementation: Develop infrastructure for Indian ISA/IPEA Comprehensive computerization Augmentation of Human Resources Establish National Institute of Intellectual Property Management (NIIPM) to cater to training, education, research and think tank functions.
International Cooperation Multilateral cooperation with WIPO intensified Bilateral cooperation agreements on Intellectual Property Rights entered into with leading countries/institutions Focus on human resource development, capacity building and public awareness creation.
Road ahead ISA/IPEA operationalization Acceding to Madrid Protocol Digitization Total on-line operations Operationalization of bilateral MOUs.
IPRs & Economic Growth Globalisation, led by rapid advances in information and communication technologies, has resulted in the creation of knowledge economy - an economy that creates, disseminates and uses knowledge to enhance growth and development. Competitiveness of nations and corporations depends not just on their physical assets but also their ability to effectively capitalise their knowledge assets. Knowledge economy is just not restricted to high-tech information and communication technologies (ICT) industries. It is an economy that leverages the existing knowledge to improve overall productivity across industries and human development. -N. R. Narayana Murthy Chief Mentor, Infosys Technologies Limited
GDP and Patents - A Comparison GDP Billion US$* (2005) Number of patent applications filed (2006-07) Number of patents granted (2006-07) USA 12,416 438,576 160,308 Japan 4,534 408,674 129,071 China 2,234 210,490 57,786 India 805 28,882 7,539 * Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008
Advantage India Some Indicators of Economic Growth Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Industrial growth rate Foreign exchange reserves.
GDP 10 9 8 7 8.5 7.5 9 9.4 9 6 5.8 5 4 4.4 3.8 3 200-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Revised Estimates RBI
FDI In US$ million 25000 25000 20000 15000 15726 10000 5000 0 2463 4065 2722 2225 3219 5546 200-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Industrial Growth in % 14 12 13 11.6 10 8 6 4 9.1 6.1 6.7 4.1 6.7 5 5.7 7 8.4 8.2 8.1 2 2.7 0 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Source: Central Statistical Organisation
Foreign Exchange Reserves in US$ Billion 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 9.2 9.8 19.2 25.1 21.6 26.4 29.3 32.4 38 42.2 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 2001-02 54.1 2002-03 76.1 2003-04 112.9 2004-05 141.5 151.6 2005-06 2006-07 199.1 2007-08 310 311.8 2008-09 Up to June, 08 Source: Reserve Bank of India
Trends: Patent Applications 38000 36000 34000 32000 35067 30000 28000 28940 26000 24000 24415 22000 20000 18000 16000 17466 14000 12000 10000 8000 8503 10592 11466 12613 6000 4000 4824 2000 0 99-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Trends: Patents Granted 15261 7539 4320 1381 1591 1379 2469 1911 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Trends: Trade Marks Registered 200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 184'325 109361 101300 45015 39762 11190 8010 1999-2000 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 In the last 3 years about 4,00,000 trade marks registered more than those registered in the preceding 50 years.
Trends: Trade Mark Applications 140000 123500 120000 103419 100000 84275 90236 94120 92251 78996 85699 80000 66378 60000 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Trends: Geographical Indications Registered 90 80 83 70 60 50 40 30 20 27 30 10 0 3 0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 up to July, 2008
Trends: Design Applications 8000 6000 6125 5372 4603 4000 4017 2874 3207 3350 3124 3357 2000 0 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Trends: Revenue In million US$ 60.00 50.00 50 40.00 36 31 30.00 20.00 16 10.5 10.00 5 0.00 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Revenue
To conclude Intellectual Property is not an end in itself, but one of the instruments to encourage innovation for technological, industrial and economic and social development. In the above context, India s Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh stated that the Government wants to create a culture that rewards risk taking, innovation and product development so that it can compete effectively on the global plane.
Thank You