Comparative Responses to Globalization

Comparative Responses to Globalization

Also by Maki Umemura THE JAPANESE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: Its Evolution and Current Challenges

Comparative Responses to Globalization Experiences of British and Japanese Enterprises Edited by Maki Umemura Cardiff University, UK and Rika Fujioka Kansai University, Japan

Selection and editorial content Maki Umemura and Rika Fujioka 2013 Individual chapters the contributors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978 1 137 26362 9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44265-2 ISBN 978-1-137-26363-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137263636 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements List of Contributors Notes on Conventions vii ix x xi 1 Introduction Comparative Perspectives on Globalization: Historical Reflections on British and Japanese Enterprises 1 Maki Umemura 2 An Empire of Goods? Groceries in Eighteenth-Century England 23 Jon Stobart 3 Globalization and Voluntary Consensus Standardization in the British Wire Industry, 1880 45 Aashish Velkar 4 The City of London, British Ethnic and National Identities, and Investment Decisions in the Anglophone New World, 1860 1914 71 Andrew Smith 5 The Genesis of Modern Management of Technology: The Case of the Meiji Cotton Spinning Sector in Globalization, 1880s 1890s 99 Eugene Choi 6 Globalization and Family Business: The Renewal of Idemitsu Kosan, 1990s 2000s 121 Minoru Shimamoto 7 Jute, Firm s Survival, and British Industrial Policy: Government Action under Globalization 141 Carlo Morelli v

vi Contents 8 Emerging Market Strategies in Compact Vehicles: The Case of Japanese Automakers 159 Hiromi Shioji 9 The Pressures of Globalization in Retail: The Path of Japanese Department Stores, 1930s 1980s 181 Rika Fujioka 10 Globalization and Change in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry, 1990 2010 204 Maki Umemura 11 The UK Pharmaceutical Industry: Challenges in an Era of Globalization 227 Judy Slinn Index 245

Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Bill head of John Bull of Northampton, grocer, tea dealer, hop and cheese factor 27 2.2 Bill head of Thomas Dainty of Northampton, grocer, tea dealer, hop and cheese factor (c. 1835) 28 3.1 Comparison of exports of wire products 52 8.1 Auto market composition by segment 163 8.2 Toyota car sales by model in Japan, 2008 168 8.3 Toyota car sales by model in Russia, 2007 169 8.4 Toyota car sales by model in China, 2009 170 8.5 Average sales price per unit in China, by automaker 171 8.6 Prices of car models among domestic and foreign manufacturers in China 172 8.7 Relationship between per capita GDP and automobile density 175 8.8 Global production of automobiles, 1900 2015 177 8.9 Comparison of automobile sales in developed and developing countries 178 9.1 Department store sales in Japan, 1972 2010 (trillions of yen) 183 9.2 Department store sales in Japan during the Second World War (millions of yen) 187 9.3 Imports in Manchuria, 1922 1929 (millions of yen) 188 9.4 Sales at Takashimaya Department Store, 1938 1944 (millions of yen) 190 9.5 Sales growth in all retail stores and department stores in Japan, 1958 1991 (trillions of yen) 192 10.1 Number of bioventures in Japan 215 Tables 2.1 First appearance of place names in lists of groceries, c. 1670 1820 30 vii

viii List of Figures and Tables 2.2 Places mentioned in advertisements in provincial newspapers, 1740s 1820s 31 2.3 Place names mentioned in three English recipe books, 1663 1800 33 3.1 Estimates of domestic production and exports of wire (UK) 52 8.1 Automakers reasons for non-entry into small or low-cost vehicle segments 161 8.2 Auto market segmentation by region 162 8.3 Share of global auto sales by segment (per cent) 163 8.4 Share of China auto sales by segment (per cent) 165 8.5 Share of Indian auto sales by segment (per cent) 166 8.6 Share of domestic and foreign vehicles in Russia (per cent) 166 8.7 Toyota s average annual unit sales per outlet by country (vehicles) 172 8.8 Sales of Hyundai car models in Russia and China 174 10.1 Leading pharmaceutical companies by pharmaceutical sales, 1990 and 2010 (billions of US dollars) 205 10.2 Pharmaceutical R&D expenditures for the United States and Japan, 1975 2005 (billions of US dollars) 209 10.3 Profile of biotechnology firms in the United States, Europe, and Japan, 2009 215 10.4 Top three pharmaceutical firms in global and Japanese markets, 2010 (billions of US dollars) 216 10.5 Number of examiners in the respective drug-evaluation agencies 217 10.6 Number of Japanese firms expanding overseas 218

Acknowledgements This book is the outcome of an international project between British and Japanese scholars entitled British and Japanese Enterprise; Technology, Knowledge Culture, and the Challenges of Globalisation. The project was generously supported by the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation, the Japan Foundation Endowment Committee, and the Economic History Society. Their support allowed us to hold a workshop in Cardiff, UK, in August 2011. We would like to thank all the contributors for their participation, cooperation, and patience in the preparation of this book. We appreciate the suggestions and support provided by our colleagues at Cardiff University (UK), Osaka University of Economics (Japan), and Oxford Institute of Retail Management, University of Oxford (UK). We would like to thank Trevor Boyns and Glenn Morgan for coming to the workshop and commenting on the papers, and Janet Richards for her administrative support. Thanks finally to our families for helping us see the project through to completion. Maki Umemura, Cardiff, UK Rika Fujioka, Osaka, Japan April 2012 ix

Contributors Eugene Choi is Associate Professor, Graduate School of Technology Management, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan. Rika Fujioka is Professor, Faculty of Commerce, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan. Carlo Morelli is Senior Lecturer in Business and Economic History, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Minoru Shimamoto is Associate Professor, Graduate School of Commerce and Management, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan. Hiromi Shioji is Professor, Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Judy Slinn is Senior Lecturer, Department of Business and Management, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK. Andrew Smith is Senior Lecturer in History, Coventry University, Coventry, UK. Jon Stobart is Professor in History, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK. Maki Umemura is Lecturer, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Aashish Velkar is Lecturer in History, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. x

Notes on Conventions This book uses the modified Hepburn system of romanization, which follows Kenkyūsha s New Japanese English Dictionary (third and later editions). Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, except for terms or phrases commonly anglicized, such as Tokyo or shogun. Macrons are not used for Japanese company names as these are generally anglicized, or for referencing Japanese names if these were not used in the original English language work. Names are presented in the Western order, with the forename followed by the surname. xi