B: The processes of science frequently do not correspond to the traditional portrayal of "the scientific method."

GRADE: 6 Big Idea 1: A: Scientific inquiry is a multifaceted activity; The processes of science include the formulation of scientifically investigable questions, construction of investigations into those questions, the collection of appropriate data, the evaluation of the meaning of those data, and the communication of this evaluation. B: The processes of science frequently do not correspond to the traditional portrayal of "the scientific method." C: Scientific argumentation is a necessary part of scientific inquiry and plays an important role in the generation and validation of scientific knowledge. D: Scientific knowledge is based on observation and inference; it is important to recognize that these are very different things. Not only does science require creativity in its methods and processes, but also in its questions and explanations. SC.6.N.1.1 Define a problem from the sixth grade curriculum, use appropriate reference materials to support scientific understanding, plan and carry out scientific investigation of various types, such as systematic observations or experiments, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions. SE: 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: Various labs are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Activities Planner and Chapter Section Lesson Plans at the beginning of each Chapter TECH: Lab Activity Video/DVD s are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Section Lesson Plan at the beginning of each Chapter SC.6.N.1.2 Explain why scientific investigations should be replicable. SE: 9, 11, 56-57, 124-125, 298-299, 451, 486-487, 687 TE: 8, 9 1

TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C SC.6.N.1.3 Explain the difference between an experiment and other types of scientific investigation, and explain the relative benefits and limitations of each. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C Lab Activity Video/DVD s are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Section Lesson Plan at the beginning of each Chapter. SC.6.N.1.4 Discuss, compare, and negotiate methods used, results obtained, and explanations among groups of students conducting the same investigation. SE: 26, 57, 75, 102, 105, 132, 135, 173, 212, 217, 260, 302, 376, 422, 456, 465, 490, 493, 522, 580-581, 604, 632, 672, 715, 753, 763 SC.6.N.1.5 Recognize that science involves creativity, not just in designing experiments, but also in creating explanations that fit evidence. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C 2

Big Idea 11: A. Waves involve a transfer of energy without a transfer of matter. B. Water and sound waves transfer energy through a material. C. Light waves can travel through a vacuum and through matter. D. The Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy is conserved as it transfers from one object to another and from one form to another. SC.6.P.11.1 Explore the Law of Conservation of Energy by differentiating between potential and kinetic energy. Identify situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa. SE: 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 72 TE: 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 72 TR: TR: Transparency PS146; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 44E PHSchool.com cgp-3053 Big Idea 12: A. Motion is a key characteristic of all matter that can be observed, described, and measured. B. The motion of objects can be changed by forces. SC.6.P.12.1 Measure and graph distance versus time for an object moving at a constant speed. Interpret this relationship. SE: 243 3

Big Idea 13: A. It takes energy to change the motion of objects. B. Energy change is understood in terms of forces--pushes or pulls. C. Some forces act through physical contact, while others act at a distance. SC.6.P.13.1 Investigate and describe types of forces including contact forces and forces acting at a distance, such as electrical, magnetic, and gravitational. SE: 15, 270 SC.6.P.13.2 Explore the Law of Gravity by recognizing that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object and that the force depends on how much mass the objects have and how far apart they are. SE: 15 Rating: Low SC.6.P.13.3 Investigate and describe that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed, or direction of motion, or both. Big Idea 14: A. All living things share certain characteristics. B. The scientific theory of cells, also called cell theory, is a fundamental organizing principle of life on Earth. C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy. D. Life is maintained by various physiological functions essential for growth, reproduction, and homeostasis. SC.6.L.14.1 Describe and identify patterns in the hierarchical organization of organisms from atoms to molecules and cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms. SE: 54, 555, 558, 561, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 642, 643, 647, 672 Rating: Low 4

TE: 555, 558, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 642, 643 TR: Transparencies C4, 5; LS90; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 552D, 640C PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-3012; www.scilinks.org scn-0211 SC.6.L.14.2 Investigate and explain the components of the scientific theory of cells (cell theory): all organisms are composed of cells (single-celled or multi-cellular), all cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. SE: 558, 559, 561, 604 TE: 558, 559 www.scilinks.org scn-0311 SC.6.L.14.3 Recognize and explore how cells of all organisms undergo similar processes to maintain homeostasis, including extracting energy from food, getting rid of waste, and reproducing. SE: 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 574, 577, 579, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 604 TE: 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601 TR: Transparencies C4, C5, C28, C30-31; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 552D, 552G, 552H PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-3012; cep- 3034; www.scilinks.org scn-0333 5

SC.6.L.14.4 Compare and contrast the structure and function of major organelles of plant and animal cells, including cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and vacuoles. SE: 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572 TE: 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572 TR: Transparencies C4, 5; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 552D PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-3012 SC.6.L.14.5 Identify and investigate the general functions of the major systems of the human body (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, excretory, immune, nervous, and musculoskeletal) and describe ways these systems interact with each other to maintain homeostasis. SC.6.L.14.6 Compare and contrast types of infectious agents that may infect the human body, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. SE: 391, 665, 702 TE: 390, 664, 666, 702 TECH: PHSchool.com Web Code: ced-2014 6

Big Idea 15: A. The scientific theory of evolution is the organizing principle of life science. B. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple forms of evidence. C. Natural Selection is a primary mechanism leading to change over time in organisms. SC.6.L.15.1 Analyze and describe how and why organisms are classified according to shared characteristics with emphasis on the Linnaean system combined with the concept of Domains. SE: 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 672, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696-697, 706, 707, 708, 709, 711, 712, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720-721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 749, 750, 751, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 761, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 777, 780, 791 TE: 642, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 683, 684, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 697, 706, 707, 708, 709, 716, 717, 719, 722, 723, 726, 727, 728, 730, 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 742, 755, 769, 772, 773, 775, 776, 791 TR: Transparencies LS90-91; LS94-96, LS98-99; LS102, LS104-105; LS107-108; LS110; LS113-114; LS116-117, LS119; ls124-127; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 640C-640F; 674C-674E, 674G; 714C-714F; 752C, 752E Lab Activity Video/DVD s, Consumer Lab: Soak It Up!, Keeping Warm; Skills Lab: Earthworm Responses; A Snail s Pace; Soaking Up Thos Rays; Home Sweet Home; www.scilinks.org scn-0211, scn-0212; scn- 0222; scn-0231; PHSchool.com Web Code: ceh-2013; ced-2014; ced-2033; cep-2032; ced-2034; cep-2041; ced-2043 7

Big Idea 2: A: Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence, and is appropriate for understanding the natural world, but it provides only a limited understanding of the supernatural, aesthetic, or other ways of knowing, such as art, philosophy, or religion. B: Scientific knowledge is durable and robust, but open to change. C: Because science is based on empirical evidence it strives for objectivity, but as it is a human endeavor the processes, methods, and knowledge of science include subjectivity, as well as creativity and discovery. SC.6.N.2.1 Distinguish science from other activities involving thought. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 53, 80, 103, 128, 164, 173, 203, 224, 243, 327, 335, 371, 373, 386, 390, 395, 423, 431, 453, 457, 471, 586, 587, 623, 689, 741 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 53, 80, 128, 164, 203, 224, 243, 327, 371, 386, 390, 431, 471, 586, 623, 689, 741 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C SC.6.N.2.2 Explain that scientific knowledge is durable because it is open to change as new evidence or interpretations are encountered. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 62, 63, 139, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318-319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366-367 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 62, 307, 309, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365 TR: Transparencies P2, LS224, E35; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 4C, 304C-304E, 336F TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-0531; Student Edition on Audio CD; Lab Activity Video/DVD s, Skills Lab: Recycling Paper, Tree Cookie Tales; Design Your Own Lab: How Does the Garden Grow?;PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-5032; ceh-1040; ced-5033; ced-5044 8

SC.6.N.2.3 Recognize that scientists who make contributions to scientific knowledge come from all kinds of backgrounds and possess varied talents, interests, and goals. SE: FL38, 1, 63, 139, 308-309, 442, 462, 494, 495, 496, 498, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 556-557, 558, 559, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 590, 591, 744-745 Rating: Low TE: T60, 1, 308, 309, 462, 494, 495, 498, 499, 557, 558, 575, 579 TR: Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 492C, 552E www.scilinks.org scn-0351 Big Idea 3: The terms that describe examples of scientific knowledge, for example; "theory," "law," "hypothesis," and "model" have very specific meanings and functions within science. SC.6.N.3.1 Recognize and explain that a scientific theory is a well-supported and widely accepted explanation of nature and is not simply a claim posed by an individual. Thus, the use of the term theory in science is very different than how it is used in everyday life. SE: 10, 11, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502-503, 519, 521, 523, 558, 559, 561, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 TE: 10, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 558, 559, 591, 594 TR: Transparency C28; Section Summary, Enrich 492C, 552G TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-0351; scn- 0333; scn-0311; Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Nature at Work SC.6.N.3.2 Recognize and explain that a scientific law is a description of a specific relationship under given conditions in the natural world. Thus, scientific laws are different from societal laws. SE: 10, 11 62, 63, 118 9

TE: 10, 62 SC.6.N.3.3 Give several examples of scientific laws. SE: 10, 11 62, 63, 118 Rating: Low TE: 10, 62 SC.6.N.3.4 Identify the role of models in the context of the sixth grade science benchmarks. SE: 45, 82, 124-125, 236-237, 257, 296, 352-353, 358, 379, 388, 393, 419, 436, 499, 502-503, 519, 590, 715, 729, 791 TE: 45, 61, 85, 124, 145, 203, 234, 290, 295, 296, 342, 358, 379, 515, 625, 714, 757, 791 Big Idea 6: Over geologic time, internal and external sources of energy have continuously altered the features of Earth by means of both constructive and destructive forces. All life, including human civilization, is dependent on Earth's internal and external energy and material resources. SC.6.E.6.1 Describe and give examples of ways in which Earth's surface is built up and torn down by physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and deposition. SE: 218, 219, 220, 221, 22, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236-237, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 342 TE: 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 342 TR: Transparencies ESS73-74; ES83-85; ES87-88; ES90, ES92; Section Summary, Enrich 216C-216H PHSchool.com Web Code: cfd-2021; cfh- 2030; cfd-2032; cfd-2033; www.scilinks.org scn-0734; scn-0734; Lab Activity Video/DVD s, Skills Lab: Rock Shake; Streams in Action 10

SC.6.E.6.2 Recognize that there are a variety of different landforms on Earth's surface such as coastlines, dunes, rivers, mountains, glaciers, deltas, and lakes and relate these landforms as they apply to Florida. SE: 214-215, 288, 289, 290, 291, 334-335 TE: 288, 289, 290, 291, 334 TR: Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 262F TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-0814; Student Edition on Audio CD Big Idea 7: The scientific theory of the evolution of Earth states that changes in our planet are driven by the flow of energy and the cycling of matter through dynamic interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere, and the resources used to sustain human civilization on Earth. SC.6.E.7.1 Differentiate among radiation, conduction, and convection, the three mechanisms by which heat is transferred through Earth's system. SE: 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88-89, 101, 102, 103, 178, 179 TE: 84, 85, 86, 87, 178, 179 TR: Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 74D Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Just Add Water; www.scilinks.org scn-1362 SC.6.E.7.2 Investigate and apply how the cycling of water between the atmosphere and hydrosphere has an effect on weather patterns and climate. SE: 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198-199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208-209, 211, 212, 213, 214-215, 274, 275, 342 TE: 174, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 194, 195, 196, 200, 201, 205, 214, 274, 275 11

TR: Transparencies ES180-185; ES187- ES190; ES192-93; Section Summary, Enrich 174D-174F PHSchool.com Web Code:cep-4031; cfd- 4032; cfd-4033; cfh-4030; Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Tracking a Hurricane; Reading a Weather Map SC.6.E.7.3 Describe how global patterns such as the jet stream and ocean currents influence local weather in measurable terms such as temperature, air pressure, wind direction and speed, and humidity and precipitation. SE: 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 211, 212, 213 TE: 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187 TR: Transparencies ES180-185; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 174D PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-4031 SC.6.E.7.4 Differentiate and show interactions among the geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. SE: 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 438, 477, 478, 479 TE: 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 369, 372, 478 TR: Transparencies H5; ES37-38; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 262D-262E, 336G Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Water From Trees; PHSchool.com Web Code: cfp-4024; www.scilinks.org scn-0545 12

SC.6.E.7.5 Explain how energy provided by the sun influences global patterns of atmospheric movement and the temperature differences between air, water, and land. SE: 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 211, 212, 213 TE: 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187 TR: Transparencies ES167-168; ES180-185; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 174C-174D www.scilinks.org scn-0921; Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Heating Earth s Surface; PHSchool.com Web Code:cep-4031 SC.6.E.7.6 Differentiate between weather and climate. SE: 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198-199, 322, 342, 373, 518 TE: 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196 TR: Transparencies ES167-168; ES180-185; ES187-190; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 174E Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Heating Earth s Surface; Tracking a Hurricane; PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-4031; cfd- 4032; www.scilinks.org scn-0921 SC.6.E.7.7 Investigate how natural disasters have affected human life in Florida. SE: FL 32, FL33, FL34, FL35, 214-215 TE: T54, T56, 214, 215 13

SC.6.E.7.8 Describe ways human beings protect themselves from hazardous weather and sun exposure. SE: 151, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198-199, 212, 368, 369 TE: 190, 193, 195, 197 TR: Transparencies ES187-190; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 174E Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Tracking a Hurricane; PHSchool.com Web Code: cfd- 4032 SC.6.E.7.9 Describe how the composition and structure of the atmosphere protects life and insulates the planet. SE: 369 TE: 369 GRADE: 7 Big Idea 1: A: Scientific inquiry is a multifaceted activity; The processes of science include the formulation of scientifically investigable questions, construction of investigations into those questions, the collection of appropriate data, the evaluation of the meaning of those data, and the communication of this evaluation. B: The processes of science frequently do not correspond to the traditional portrayal of "the scientific method." C: Scientific argumentation is a necessary part of scientific inquiry and plays an important role in the generation and validation of scientific knowledge. D: Scientific knowledge is based on observation and inference; it is important to recognize that these are very different things. Not only does science require creativity in its methods and processes, but also in its questions and explanations. 14

SC.7.N.1.1 Define a problem from the seventh grade curriculum, use appropriate reference materials to support scientific understanding, plan and carry out scientific investigation of various types, such as systematic observations or experiments, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions. SE: 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: Various labs are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Activities Planner and Chapter Section Lesson Plans at the beginning of each Chapter. TECH: Lab Activity Video/DVD s are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Section Lesson Plan at the beginning of each Chapter. SC.7.N.1.2 Differentiate replication (by others) from repetition (multiple trials). SE: 9, 11, 56-57, 124-125, 298-299, 451, 486-487, 687 TE: 8, 9 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C SC.7.N.1.3 Distinguish between an experiment (which must involve the identification and control of variables) and other forms of scientific investigation and explain that not all scientific knowledge is derived from experimentation. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C 15

SC.7.N.1.4 Identify test variables (independent variables) and outcome variables (dependent variables) in an experiment. SE: 64-65, 168, 236-237, 298-299, 451, 486-487 Rating: Low TE: 64, 236, 298, 486 SC.7.N.1.5 Describe the methods used in the pursuit of a scientific explanation as seen in different fields of science such as biology, geology, and physics. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C SC.7.N.1.6 Explain that empirical evidence is the cumulative body of observations of a natural phenomenon on which scientific explanations are based. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C SC.7.N.1.7 Explain that scientific knowledge is the result of a great deal of debate and confirmation within the science community. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 148-149, 318-319, 396-397, 452-453, 628-629, 704-705 TE: TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 148, 318, 396, 452, 453, 628, 629, 704, 705 16

TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C PHSchool.com Web Code: cgh-5030; ceh- 1040; cfh-3020; ceh-5050; ceh-3040; ceh- 2020 Supporting Idea 10: A. Energy is involved in all physical processes and is a unifying concept in many areas of science. B. Energy exists in many forms and has the ability to do work or cause a change. SC.7.P.10.1 Illustrate that the sun's energy arrives as radiation with a wide range of wavelengths, including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, and that white light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors. SE: 84, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 171, 173 Rating: Low TE: 137, 143, 144, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 TR: Transparencies O39-O41; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 134E www.scilinks.org scn-1543; scn-1531; Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Changing Colors SC.7.P.10.2 Observe and explain that light can be reflected, refracted, and/or absorbed. SE: 117, 118, 119, 123, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172 TE: 117, 118, 119, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167 TR: Transparencies PS166; O43-46; O48-49; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 104F; 134F- 134G 17

Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Looking at Images; PHSchool.com Web Code:cgp- 5042; www.scilinks.org scn-1133 SC.7.P.10.3 Recognize that light waves, sound waves, and other waves move at different speeds in different materials. SE: 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 147 Rating: Low TE: 112, 113, 114, 115, 127, 141 TR: Transparencies PS163-164; O29; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 104D; 134C www.scilinks.org scn-1531; PHSchool.com Web Code: cgd-5012 Big Idea 11: A. Waves involve a transfer of energy without a transfer of matter. B. Water and sound waves transfer energy through a material. C. Light waves can travel through a vacuum and through matter. D. The Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy is conserved as it transfers from one object to another and from one form to another. SC.7.P.11.1 Recognize that adding heat to or removing heat from a system may result in a temperature change and possibly a change of state. SE: 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 102, 103 Rating: Low TE: 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 TR: Transparencies PS 150, PS152; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 74C, 74E www.scilinks.org scn-1361; scn-1363 18

SC.7.P.11.2 Investigate and describe the transformation of energy from one form to another. SE: 45, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64-65, 72, 73 TE: 45, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 TR: Transparency PS146; Section Summary, Enrich 44E Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Soaring Straws; PHSchool.com Web Code: cgp-3053 SC.7.P.11.3 Cite evidence to explain that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another. SE: 62, 63, 71 TE: 62 SC.7.P.11.4 Observe and describe that heat flows in predictable ways, moving from warmer objects to cooler ones until they reach the same temperature. SE: 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88-89, 102, 103 TE: 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 TR: Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 74D Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Just Add Water; www.scilinks.org scn-1362 19

SC.7.L.15.3 Explore the scientific theory of evolution by relating how the inability of a species to adapt within a changing environment may contribute to the extinction of that species. SE: 326, 327, 518, 519, 742 TE: 326, 327, 518 Big Idea 16: A. Reproduction is characteristic of living things and is essential for the survival of species. B. Genetic information is passed from generation to generation by DNA; DNA controls the traits of an organism. C. Changes in the DNA of an organism can cause changes in traits, and manipulation of DNA in organisms has led to genetically modified organisms. SC.7.L.16.1 Understand and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits, that this hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell, and that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. SE: 553, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580-581, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 603, 604, 605 TE: 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601 TR: Transparencies C28, C30-31; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 522E; 552G-552H Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Take a Class survey; www.scilinks.org scn-0333; PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-3034 SC.7.L.16.2 Determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations using Punnett Squares and pedigrees. SE: 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588-589, 604, 605, 617, 618, 619, 620, 632, 633 21

TE: 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 617, 618, 619 TR: Transparencies C26; LS47; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 552F, 606D Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Make the Right Call; Family Puzzle; www.scilinks.org scn-0332; PHSchool.com Web Code: cep- 3042 SC.7.L.16.3 Compare and contrast the general processes of sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and asexual reproduction requiring mitosis. SE: 575, 592, 593, 594, 603, 645, 652, 653, 657, 663 TE: 592, 593, 644, 645, 657 TR: Transparencies C28; LS96 TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-0333 SC.7.L.16.4 Recognize and explore the impact of biotechnology (cloning, genetic engineering, artificial selection) on the individual, society and the environment. SE: 573, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628-629, 631 TE: 573, 623, 624, 625, 626, 628, 629 TR: Transparency LS49; Section Summary, Enrich 606E Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Guilty or Innocent?; www.scilinks.org scn-0343; PHSchool.com Web Code: ceh-3040 22

Big Idea 17: A. Plants and animals, including humans, interact with and depend upon each other and their environment to satisfy their basic needs. B. Both human activities and natural events can have major impacts on the environment. C. Energy flows from the sun through producers to consumers. SC.7.L.17.1 Explain and illustrate the roles of and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web. SE: 341, 698, 699, 700, 701, 703 TE: 699, 701 TR: Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 674F www.scilinks.org scn-0224; PHSchool.com Web Code: ceh-2020 SC.7.L.17.2 Compare and contrast the relationships among organisms such as mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism. SE: 500, 536, 537, 538, 541, 656, 680, 688, 689, 693 TE: 536, 537, 538 SC.7.L.17.3 Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local ecosystem and their impact on native populations, including food, shelter, water, space, disease, parasitism, predation, and nesting sites. SE: 326, 327, 332, 499, 500 TE: 327 23

Big Idea 2: A: Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence, and is appropriate for understanding the natural world, but it provides only a limited understanding of the supernatural, aesthetic, or other ways of knowing, such as art, philosophy, or religion. B: Scientific knowledge is durable and robust, but open to change. C: Because science is based on empirical evidence it strives for objectivity, but as it is a human endeavor the processes, methods, and knowledge of science include subjectivity, as well as creativity and discovery. SC.7.N.2.1 Identify an instance from the history of science in which scientific knowledge has changed when new evidence or new interpretations are encountered. Rating: Low SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 62, 63, 139, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318-319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366-367 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 62, 307, 309, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365 TR: Transparencies P2; LS224; E35; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 4C; 304C-304E; 336F TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-0531; Student Edition on Audio CD; Lab Activity Video/DVD s, Skills Lab: Recycling Paper, Tree Cookie Tales; Design Your Own Lab: How Does the Garden Grow?; PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-5032; ceh- 1040; ced-5033; ced-5044 Big Idea 3: The terms that describe examples of scientific knowledge, for example; "theory," "law," "hypothesis," and "model" have very specific meanings and functions within science. SC.7.N.3.1 Recognize and explain the difference between theories and laws and give several examples of scientific theories and the evidence that supports them. SE: 10, 11, 62, 63, 118494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502-503, 519, 521, 523, 558, 559, 561, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 TE: 10, 62494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 558, 559, 591, 594 24

TR: Transparency C28; Section Summary, Enrich 492C, 552G TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-0351; scn- 0333; scn-0311; Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Nature at Work SC.7.N.3.2 Identify the benefits and limitations of the use of scientific models. SE: 45, 82, 124-125, 236-237, 257, 296, 352-353, 358, 379, 388, 393, 419, 436, 499, 502-503, 519, 590, 715, 729, 791 TE: 45, 61, 85, 124, 145, 203, 234, 290, 295, 296, 342, 358, 379, 515, 625, 714, 757, 791 Big Idea 6: Over geologic time, internal and external sources of energy have continuously altered the features of Earth by means of both constructive and destructive forces. All life, including human civilization, is dependent on Earth's internal and external energy and material resources. SC.7.E.6.1 Describe the layers of the solid Earth, including the lithosphere, the hot convecting mantle, and the dense metallic liquid and solid cores. SC.7.E.6.2 Identify the patterns within the rock cycle and relate them to surface events (weathering and erosion) and sub-surface events (plate tectonics and mountain building). SC.7.E.6.3 Identify current methods for measuring the age of Earth and its parts, including the law of superposition and radioactive dating. SE: 513, 514, 519, 522 TE: 513, 515 25

SC.7.E.6.4 Explain and give examples of how physical evidence supports scientific theories that Earth has evolved over geologic time due to natural processes. SE: 493, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523 TE: 493, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519 TR: Transparencies LS54-LS56; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 492E PHSchool.com Web Code:cep-3053 SC.7.E.6.5 Explore the scientific theory of plate tectonics by describing how the movement of Earth's crustal plates causes both slow and rapid changes in Earth's surface, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and mountain building. SC.7.E.6.6 Identify the impact that humans have had on Earth, such as deforestation, urbanization, desertification, erosion, air and water quality, changing the flow of water. SE: 334-335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352-353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366-367, 368, 369 TE: 334, 339, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 369 TR: Transparencies E29; E31; E33; E35; E37; E38; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 336C-336G TECH: PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-5042, ced-5043, ced-5044, cep-5042, ced-5044; ceh-2020; www.scilinks.org scn-0541; scn-0545; Lab Activity Video/DVD s, Skills Lab: Recycling Paper; Waste Away; Design Your Own Lab: How Does the Garden Grow?; Student Edition on Audio CD 26

SC.7.E.6.7 Recognize that heat flow and movement of material within Earth causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins. SE: 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 283, 438 TE: 127, 129, 283 TR: Transparency PS170; Section Summary, Enrich 104F www.scilinks.org scn-1514 GRADE: 8 Big Idea 1: A: Scientific inquiry is a multifaceted activity; The processes of science include the formulation of scientifically investigable questions, construction of investigations into those questions, the collection of appropriate data, the evaluation of the meaning of those data, and the communication of this evaluation. B: The processes of science frequently do not correspond to the traditional portrayal of "the scientific method." C: Scientific argumentation is a necessary part of scientific inquiry and plays an important role in the generation and validation of scientific knowledge. D: Scientific knowledge is based on observation and inference; it is important to recognize that these are very different things. Not only does science require creativity in its methods and processes, but also in its questions and explanations. SC.8.N.1.1 Define a problem from the eighth grade curriculum using appropriate reference materials to support scientific understanding, plan and carry out scientific investigations of various types, such as systematic observations or experiments, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions. SE: 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 27

TE: Various labs are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Activities Planner and Chapter Section Lesson Plans at the beginning of each Chapter. TECH: Lab Activity Video/DVD s are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Section Lesson Plan at the beginning of each Chapter. SC.8.N.1.2 Design and conduct a study using repeated trials and replication. SE: 9, 11, 56-57, 124-125, 298-299, 451, 486-487, 687 TE: 8, 9 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C SC.8.N.1.3 Use phrases such as "results support" or "fail to support" in science, understanding that science does not offer conclusive 'proof' of a knowledge claim. SE: 39, 57, 82, 89, 119, 125, 139, 153, 156, 168, 199, 228, 276, 299, 311, 353, 367, 388, 399, 441, 451, 487, 533, 543, 581, 589, 627, 669, 682, 763, 777 SC.8.N.1.4 Explain how hypotheses are valuable if they lead to further investigations, even if they turn out not to be supported by the data. SE: 65, 95, 153, 180, 241, 298-299, 368, 417, 433, 476, 533, 537, 580-581, 763 SC.8.N.1.5 Analyze the methods used to develop a scientific explanation as seen in different fields of science. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C 28

SC.8.N.1.6 Understand that scientific investigations involve the collection of relevant empirical evidence, the use of logical reasoning, and the application of imagination in devising hypotheses, predictions, explanations and models to make sense of the collected evidence. SE: 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: Various labs are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Activities Planner and Chapter Section Lesson Plans at the beginning of each Chapter. TECH: Lab Activity Video/DVD s are provided throughout the program in the Chapter Section Lesson Plan at the beginning of each Chapter. Big Idea 18: A. Living things all share basic needs for life. B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (photosynthesis and cellular respiration). C. Matter and energy are recycled through cycles such as the carbon cycle. SC.8.L.18.1 Describe and investigate the process of photosynthesis, such as the roles of light, carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll; production of food; release of oxygen. SE: 271, 281, 568, 570 TE: 271, 567, 568 TR: Transparencies C4-C5 TECH: PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-3012 SC.8.L.18.2 Describe and investigate how cellular respiration breaks down food to provide energy and releases carbon dioxide. SE: 567 TE: 567 29

SC.8.L.18.3 Construct a scientific model of the carbon cycle to show how matter and energy are continuously transferred within and between organisms and their physical environment. SE: 347 SC.8.L.18.4 Cite evidence that living systems follow the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Energy. SE: 62, 63 TE: 62 Big Idea 2: A: Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence, and is appropriate for understanding the natural world, but it provides only a limited understanding of the supernatural, aesthetic, or other ways of knowing, such as art, philosophy, or religion. B: Scientific knowledge is durable and robust, but open to change. C: Because science is based on empirical evidence it strives for objectivity, but as it is a human endeavor the processes, methods, and knowledge of science include subjectivity, as well as creativity and discovery. SC.8.N.2.1 Distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific Idea s. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 TR: Transparency P2; Section Summary, Enrich 4C TECH: Student Edition on Audio CD 30

SC.8.N.2.2 Discuss what characterizes science and its methods. SE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 38-39, 56-57, 64-65, 82, 88-89, 116, 124-125, 156, 168, 198-199, 207, 236-237, 276, 298-299, 311, 317, 352-353, 366-367, 398-399, 440-441, 451, 475, 486-487, 502-503, 510, 533, 542-543, 562-563, 580-581, 588-589, 620, 627, 654, 669, 682, 696-697, 720-721, 729, 762-763, 777 TE: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 21, 22 TR: Transparencies P2; P7-14; P22-23; P25; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 4C-4E TECH: Student Edition on Audio CD Big Idea 3: The terms that describe examples of scientific knowledge, for example; "theory," "law," "hypothesis," and "model" have very specific meanings and functions within science. SC.8.N.3.1 Select models useful in relating the results of their own investigations. SE: 45, 82, 124-125, 236-237, 257, 296, 352-353, 358, 379, 388, 393, 419, 436, 499, 502-503, 519, 590, 715, 729, 791 TE: 45, 61, 85, 124, 145, 203, 234, 290, 295, 296, 342, 358, 379, 515, 625, 714, 757, 791 SC.8.N.3.2 Explain why theories may be modified but are rarely discarded. SE: 10, 11, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502-503, 519, 521, 523, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 TE: 10, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 591, 594 TR: Transparency C28; Section Summary, Enrich 492C, 552G www.scilinks.org scn-0351; scn-0333; Lab Activity Video/DVD, Skills Lab: Nature at Work 31

Big Idea 4: As tomorrows citizens, students should be able to identify issues about which society could provide input, formulate scientifically investigable questions about those issues, construct investigations of their questions, collect and evaluate data from their investigations, and develop scientific recommendations based upon their findings. SC.8.N.4.1 Explain that science is one of the processes that can be used to inform decision making at the community, state, national, and international levels. SE: 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352-353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366-367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396-397, 398-399, 704-705 TE: 339, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 372, 390, 391, 394, 396, 397 TR: Transparencies E29; E31; E33; E35; E37; E38; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 336C-336G TECH: PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-5042, ced-5043, ced-5044, cep-5042, ced-5044; ceh-2020; www.scilinks.org scn-0541; scn-0545; Lab Activity Video/DVD s, Skills Lab: Recycling Paper; Waste Away; Design Your Own Lab: How Does the Garden Grow?; Student Edition on Audio CD SC.8.N.4.2 Explain how political, social, and economic concerns can affect science, and vice versa. SE: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38-39, 41, 42, 43, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 334-335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352-353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366-367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396-397, 398-399, 704-705 TE: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 326, 327, 334, 339, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 372, 390, 391, 394, 396, 397 32

TR: Transparencies P32; LS224; E29; E31; E33; E35; E37; E38; Section Summary, Enrich 4F-4G, 304C-304D, 336C-336G PHSchool.com Web Code: cep-5032; ceh- 1040, cfh3020, cep-5042, ced-5043, ced- 5044, cep-5042, ced-5043, ced-5044; www.scilinks.org scn-1631; scn-1633; scn- 0531; scn-0541; scn-0545; Lab Activity Video/DVD s Technology Lab: Design and Build Egg-ceptional Packaging; Skills Lab: Recycling Paper; Waste Away; Design Your Own Lab: How Does the Garden Grow? Big Idea 5: The origin and eventual fate of the Universe still remains one of the greatest questions in science. Gravity and energy influence the formation of galaxies, including our own Milky Way Galaxy, stars, the planetary systems, and Earth. Humankind s need to explore continues to lead to the development of knowledge and understanding of the nature of the Universe. SC.8.E.5.1 Recognize that there are enormous distances between objects in space and apply our knowledge of light and space travel to understand this distance. SE: 138, 270 SC.8.E.5.2 Recognize that the universe contains many billions of galaxies and that each galaxy contains many billions of stars. SE: 270 Rating: Low SC.8.E.5.3 Distinguish the hierarchical relationships between planets and other astronomical bodies relative to solar system, galaxy, and universe, including distance, size, and composition. SE: 270 33

SC.8.E.5.4 Explore the Law of Universal Gravitation by explaining the role that gravity plays in the formation of planets, stars, and solar systems and in determining their motions. SE: 15, 270 SC.8.E.5.5 Describe and classify specific physical properties of stars: apparent magnitude (brightness), temperature (color), size, and luminosity (absolute brightness). SC.8.E.5.6 Create models of solar properties including: rotation, structure of the Sun, convection, sunspots, solar flares, and prominences. SE: 270 Rating: Low SC.8.E.5.7 Compare and contrast the properties of objects in the Solar System including the Sun, planets, and moons to those of Earth, such as gravitational force, distance from the Sun, speed, movement, temperature, and atmospheric conditions. SE: 15, 270 SC.8.E.5.8 Compare various historical models of the Solar System, including geocentric and heliocentric. SC.8.E.5.9 Explain the impact of objects in space on each other including: 1. the Sun on the Earth including seasons and gravitational attraction 2. the Moon on the Earth, including phases, tides, and eclipses, and the relative position of each body. SE: 15, 270 34

SC.8.E.5.10 Assess how technology is essential to science for such purposes as access to outer space and other remote locations, sample collection, measurement, data collection and storage, computation, and communication of information. SE: 5, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38-39, 42, 201, 202, 203, 208-209, 483 TE: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 202, 203, 209 TR: Transparency P32; Section Summary, Enrich 4F-4G TECH: Lab Activity Video/DVD, Technology Lab: Design and Build Egg-ceptional Packaging; www.scilinks.org scn-1621, 1633; PHSchool.com Web Code: cfd-4033 SC.8.E.5.11 Identify and compare characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum such as wavelength, frequency, use, and hazards and recognize its application to an understanding of planetary images and satellite photographs. SE: 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 171, 173, 208-209 TE: 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 171 TR: Transparencies O29-O33; Section Summary, Guided Reading, Review and Reinforce, Enrich 134C-134D www.scilinks.org scn-1531; PHSchool.com Web Code: cgp-5032; cgh-5030; cfh-4030 SC.8.E.5.12 Summarize the effects of space exploration on the economy and culture of Florida. 35

Big Idea 8: A. All objects and substances in the world are made of matter. Matter has two fundamental properties: matter takes up space and matter has mass which gives it inertia. B. Objects and substances can be classified by their physical and chemical properties. Mass is the amount of matter (or "stuff") in an object. Weight, on the other hand, is the measure of force of attraction (gravitational force) between an object and Earth. The concepts of mass and weight are complicated and potentially confusing to elementary students. Hence, the more familiar term of "weight" is recommended for use to stand for both mass and weight in grades K-5. By grades 6-8, students are expected to understand the distinction between mass and weight, and use them appropriately. SC.8.P.8.1 Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by using models to explain the motion of particles in solids, liquids, and gases. SE: 53, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 102, 265, 268, 269, 302 TE: 91, 92, 93, 265, 268, 269 TR: Transparency H2; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: 91 TECH: www.scilinks.org scn-1363; Student Edition on Audio CD SC.8.P.8.2 Differentiate between weight and mass recognizing that weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an object and is distinct from, though proportional to, mass. SE: 14, 15, 793 TE: 15, 793 TR: Transparency P10 SC.8.P.8.3 Explore and describe the densities of various materials through measurement of their masses and volumes. SE: 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 24, 470, 471, 474, 475, 490 TE: 16, 17, 19, 470, 471 36