The Industrial Revolution was a period that began in England in the 1700 s when humanity really began to turn to machines to do their work for them.

The Industrial Revolution was a period that began in England in the 1700 s when humanity really began to turn to machines to do their work for them.

I. Factors of Production A. Factors of production are anything that is used to produce a good. B. Britain happened to have all the things you need in order to industrialize.

II. Natural Resources A. Coal for fuel. B. Iron C. Inland River system. D. Urban Population.

Agricultural Revolution what did this mean?

III. Transition to Enclosures A. Early Grazing on the Commons 1. Grasslands available to anyone 2. Farmers didn t own the land, but got to use it for free

III. Transition to Enclosures (cont.) B. Enclosures 1. Wealthy landowners began to buy up land and fence it off. 2. Enclosed land became much more efficient at producing food.

IV. Jethro Tull s Seed Drill A. The new owners were more willing to experiment with new techniques. B. Jethro Tull s seed drill made planting seeds vastly more efficient.

V. Crop Rotation A. Years of planting only one crop had depleted soil nutrients B. By planting different crops each year farmers were able to maintain better soil.

VI. Unintended Consequences A. Improvements did not help small farmers. B. Most small farmers had to sell their land. C. Most were forced to seek new lives in big cities.

VII. Manmade Resources A. Britain had a highly developed banking system B. This made it easy for Britons to get loans for new machinery or businesses.

VIII. Entrepreneurs. A. Entrepreneurs organize, and fund business ventures. B. The bigger the risk, the bigger the payoff or failure.

IX. Wartime Boosts A. Constant warfare in Europe slowed business expansion. B. None of the battles were fought on British soil.

X. Industrializing Textiles A. The textiles business was the first to be industrialized B. New inventions made it cheaper and easier to create cloth from wool and cotton.

XI. Early Textile Work A. Most cloth had been woven out of material spun on a wheel. B. Spinning and weaving were done slowly by manpower

XII. John Kay s Flying Shuttle A. The flying shuttle made the process of weaving much quicker B. spinners could no longer keep up with demand for yarn.

XIII. Spinning Jenny A. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. B. Let one spinner spin many threads at a time. C. Textile merchants could meet demand for yarn D. Early Response from Inventors. 1. Hargreaves was able to produce so much yarn that prices fell, angering a Blackburn spinning community 2. They broke into his house, smashed his machines, and forced him to flee to Nottingham.

XIV. Water Frame A. Harnessed the power of water to replace manpower! B. When hooked to a millwheel, work could be made much more efficient C. Power Loom - 1784 1. Power loom was a completely automatic textile loom 2. The loom was very large, and had to be monitored by a professional (ONE).

XV. Cotton Production A. Britain relied on American cotton picking which was very labor intensive. B. Eli Whitney s cotton gin separated out the dirt and seeds much faster than by hand.

XVI. Early Factories A. Demand for factory jobs met by displaced farmers. B. Dependence on water power meant that most early factories had to be on rivers.

The Water Frame Harnessed the power of fast rivers to replace human muscle power. When hooked to a machine, work could be made much more efficient.

C. Energy Crisis 1. Reliance on hydro power prevented the spread of factories. 2. In order to build away from rivers, a new source of energy was needed 3. Solution: James Watt s Steam engine

XVII. Canal System A. Manmade waterways were put in place B. Connected many areas of Industrialized Britain. C. Made it even easier to ship goods around the country.

XVIII. Steam Locomotives A. The first real steam locomotive was invented by Robert Trevithick on a bet B. Trevithick s engine made use of high pressure steam.

XIX. George Stephenson A. Stephenson took Trevithick s design and improved it. B. Best known for creating the first effective railway line. C. It ran 27 miles, and had four engines capable of 24 mph.

XX. New Industry. A. The creation of a massive railroad network created many new jobs. B. More coal miners, ironworkers, engineers, and train builders were soon needed.

XXI. Agricultural Tie-In A. The Railway also had an enormous impact on the Agricultural revolution B. Food was able to reach further away, and always arrived fresher than it had before.

XXII. Easy Movement A. The Railroad was vital as a cultural change. B. The rails connected cities and countryside. C. This created more of a cultural unity in Britain.

Population Change: For the first time, more people lived in big cities than the country. I. Rise of the Cities- Causes A. By the 1800s people could make better money in a factory than on a farm. B. New jobs were plentiful, and industry thrived.

II. Living Conditions A. As city populations exploded, they expanded carelessly. B. Cities rarely had sanitation or building codes. C. Cities were filthy, and rife with disease.

D. Lack of Public Services. 1. Cities never had enough police, so crime was rampant everywhere. 2. Fire departments were also missing, as were health services. 3. Most families lived in one room tenements.

E. Urban Mortality 1. By the mid 1800 s the average lifespan in a coal city was 17 years. 2. Disease more than anything else killed off large portions of working class families.

III. Environmental Disaster A. Industrialized cities became choked with soot from coal, iron foundries, and steel mills. B. The most industrialized area of Britain became known as, the black country because of the discoloration of the land and air.

IV. Working Conditions A. A factory that stays open longer can produce more, and thus sell more and create more profit for the owners. B. As a result workers had to work long shifts with few breaks seven days a week.

C. Industrial Accidents 1. Factories were poorly lit, and had very little regard for safety. 2. Serious injuries and even death were commonplace.

D. Coal Mines 1. The most dangerous job was coal mining. Besides coal dust, mines were prone to explosions and cave-ins 2. The average miner lived ten years less than any other industrial worker.

1. Factories usually did not offer any kind of health insurance or workman s comp. E. Restitution? 2. Government did not impose safety regulations 3. As a result, injured workers were usually fired

F. Child Labor 1. Children were frequently employed in industrial factories because they were cheaper. 2. Because they were so small, they often had to reach in the machines to fix them.

V. Rise of the Middle Class A. Most of the new wealth created by industrialization went to the emerging middle class. B. The upper middle class were doctors, lawyers, and factory managers. C. The lower middle class were mostly highly skilled workers.

D. Class Tension 1. The traditional upper classes looked down on the middle class. 2. The rich felt that people who had recently become rich were vulgar. 3. The middle class resented this arrogance.

E. The Working Class 1. The working class were left out of a great deal of the benefits of industry. 2. However despite the worst kinds of industrial horrors, a sense of hope was instilled in the working class.

VI. Positive Outcomes A. Despite the plight of the working class, Industrialization had many positive results: 1. Net Job Creation 2. Technological Progress 3. Increased standard of living 4. Vast increases in Wealth 5. Increase in Material goods available.

I. American Rail A. In Britain, the railroad had connected a nation. In the US, the railroad built the nation B. Many major cities like Chicago sprang up along the railroad lines and prospered.

C. Big Rail Consolidates 1. As the railroads became a major business, smaller lines were bought up by big ones. 2. By the end of the 1800 s only a few massive companies controlled all of America s railways.

II. Rise of Corporations A. A massive business empire like rail required a great deal of money. B. In order to raise money for such a venture, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock in their company.

C. Corporations 1. A corporation is a business owned by anyone who has purchased stock in that company. 2. Because shareholders are not responsible for anything the corporation does, it is very easy to get investors.

D. Stocks 1. Shares of stock represent a piece of a corporation. Buying a share means you are buying a piece of the company. 2. Owning stock comes with some rights, but it does not make you responsible for any debts of that company

E. Monopolies 1.Definition: Huge corporations that controlled entire industries a. Vertical monopolies b. Horizontal monopolies 2. Who gets hurt? a. The consumer

F. Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons

1. Cornelius Vanderbilt a. Vanderbilt controlled by far the largest rail empire in the world. b. By controlling most of the industry, Vanderbilt could charge anything. sold unseaworthy ships in the civil war Used lawyers to take land to build railroads Eliminated competition c. He died the third richest man in history [at the time], worth $100 million

2. Andrew Carnegie a. Born dirt poor in Scotland, moved to US. Made his fortune in steel mills, but was annoyed by reliance on coal, iron etc. b. Eventually bought out all steps of production and created a monopoly c. He sold Carnegie steel in 1901 for $480 million dollars.

a. Gospel of Wealth i. Carnegie believed that with great wealth came great responsibility. ii. He gave away nearly all of his money to fund libraries, schools, and centers for the arts.

3. John D. Rockefeller a. Rockefeller founded the vast Standard Oil trust. b. Rockefeller was able to buy out or ruin his competition.gradually he came to control nearly all of the oil production in America. c. At his death in 1937, he was worth $1.4 billion.

a. Standard Oil Trust i. Despite giving away vast sums of money, Rockefeller remains the richest man in history. ii. Eventually his empire was divided up into several smaller companies.

F. Rich vs. Poor 1. Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt were able to make their shareholders rich by cutting costs. 2. This meant that workers were still working long hours in dangerous factories for little pay.