Monitoring of large Bridges
Beispiele: Grosser Belt und Oeresund
Millau Bridge (France)
Tejo Brücke
Shanghai
Monitoring of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 1984-1988 Concepts Group of Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry ETH Zuerich
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (Bosphorus II) The Fatih Sultan Bridge, also known as the Second Bosporus Bridge (in Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü or 2. Boğaziçi Köprüsü), spans the Bosporus strait (Turkish: Boğaziçi) near Istanbul. The bridge is situated between Hisarüstü (European side) and Kavacık (Asian side). It is a gravity-anchored suspension bridge with steel pylons and inclined hangers. The aerodynamic deck is hanging on double vertical steel cables. It is 1,510 m long with a deck width of 39 m. The distance between the towers (main span) is 1,090 m (World rank 2004: 13th) and their height over road level is 105 m. The clearance of the bridge from the sea level is 64 m.
Design
Impressions during Construction
Manufacturing the Steel Parts
Staking out and Monitoring of Pillars
Bridge Dimensions 105m 105m 39m 1090m
GPS related Informations: Torsions, Oszillations, Expansion,..
GPS Sensor Deployment AP S 2 Asian Pylons 2 Asian Quarter-span deck 2 Mid-span deck 2 Mid-span cables 2 European Quarter-span deck 2 European Pylons 1 Monitoring office (reference station) 1 Other location (reference station) 14 Total GPS AP N EPS EP N RS 2 AQ S AQ N M DS M CS M DN M CN EQ S EQ N RS 1
GPS Data Processing Leica GPS Spider Reference Station 1. Monitoring point Monitoring point Double check of the positioning results The baseline between the reference stations can also be monitored to check their long term stability. Reference station 2.
GPS Hardware Setup AT504 + Radome Dorne Margolin Choke Ring Antenna Leica GMX902 dual frequency GPS receiver Reference Station Monitoring Point Monitoring Point Serial to IP converter Direct power supply (220v) LAN Serial to fiber converter Direct power supply (220v) Serial to fiber converter Direct power supply (220v) Analysis Software (from ITU/ETHZ) Leica GPS Spider Real time, permanent connection LAN NMEA X,Y,Z Junction Box Fiber-optic -Analysis -Further computation -Alarming -GPS computation -NMEA data archiving -Sensor configuration -Virtual COM port interface to sensors
Proposed Communications 4-core armored single mode fiber cable 4-core armored multi mode fiber cable 4-core armored multi mode fiber cable Category 5 Ethernet cable APS APN EPN EPS MCN MCS AQS AQN MDS MDN EQN EQS CA1 CA2 Junction Box CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 Junction Box RS1 CA7 RS2 Justification Very high reliability Built in redundancy (4-core fiber) High bandwidth (100Mbps or 1Gbps) Non-conductive (protection against lightning) Based on modern technology Expandable Monitoring Administration Building
Satellite Summary
Sky Plot
Satellite Elevation
Output of GPS based Health Monitoring Monitoring of the load response (traffic, wind, earthquakes, Karmaneffects ) Determination of linear and torsional (twist) oscillations (10Hz) Monitoring of seasonal movements (long term thermal effects) Monitoring of permanent deformations (settlements, shifts, tilt..) Daily temperature behaviour (Expansion, )
Time Series and Spectra of the Bosporus Bridge O. Akyılmaz, R. N. Çelik, N. Apaydın, T. Ayan
Dominant Frequencies O. Akyılmaz, R. N. Çelik, N. Apaydın, T. Ayan
Combination of GPS and Photogrammetric Measurements Total Station GPS Brunner 2002 Brunner 2006 Hide et.al 2005 Referencing of GPS & Photogrammetric Sensors Laserdiode FOV
Preliminary Sensor and Evaluation Concept GPS CCD Meteo Sensors Accelerometers Relative Positions Temp. Wind High Frequency Accelerations drifts, cyclic-effects, low frequency oscillations, Kalman Filtering Fourier Analysis (Frequency, Amplitude, Phase-shift) 2 Step-Integration Velocity Trajectory Extensometers Sensors Displacements Measurands Strain, Stress,. Computation
Earthquake Signals http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/ewrr/ewengweb/turanasayfa_eng1.htm
Staking out and Monitoring of small bridges Monitoring using Total Stations Hardbrücke Zürich
Networks of Bridges Handbuch Ingenieurvermessung
Basic Monitoring Concept Möser,Bauwerksmonitoring
Bridge Monitoring Overview
Bridge Monitoring Overview 2046.0 2044.0 2042.0 1001 1002 2040.0 2038.0 2036.0 2034.0 G1.1 G1.2 G2.1 G2.2 2032.0 60.1 60.2 70.1 70.2 2030.0 2028.0 2026.0 2024.0 X [m] 2022.0 2020.0 2018.0 2016.0 2014.0 2012.0 1000 2010.0 2008.0 2006.0 2004.0 2002.0 HP1 1003 2000.0 1998.0 1000.0 1005.0 1010.0 1015.0 1020.0 1025.0 1030.0 1035.0 1040.0 Y [m] 1045.0 1050.0 1055.0 1060.0 1065.0 1070.0 1075.0 1080.0
Bridge Monitoring Targets
Bridge Monitoring TT and Reference Point
Bridge Monitoring Time Series Target G1.2 Displacement [m] 0.002 0.000-0.002-0.004-0.006 along across vertical -0.008 11.02.2006 00:00 18.02.2006 00:00 25.02.2006 00:00 Time 04.03.2006 00:00 Target 60.2 Displacement [m] 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000-0.002 along across vertical 11.02.2006 00:00 18.02.2006 00:00 25.02.2006 00:00 Time 04.03.2006 00:00
Bridge Monitoring Frequency Analysis (Longitudinal Component) Relative Deformation [mm] 20.0 10.0 0.0-10.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Time [days] 10.0 Amplitude [mm] 5.0 0.0 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 Period [days]
Bridge Monitoring Frequency Analysis (Vertical Component) Relative Deformation [mm] 1.0 0.0-1.0-2.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Time [days] 0.4 Amplitude [mm] 0.2 0.0 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 Period [days] longterm (temperature) daily (traffic, temperature?) weekly (traffic?)
Bridge Monitoring Crosscorrelation (Temperature Deformation) Relative Deformation [mm] 8 6 4 2 0-2 -4 19 20 21 22 23 24 25-2 Time [days] 10 8 6 4 2 0 Temperature [ C] 1.0 Correlation [] 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0-50.0-40.0-30.0-20.0-10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 Lag [Hours]
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Analysis of a building s behaviour by test signals