MARINET Streamlined, free-of-charge access to test facilities: How world-class research centres are joining forces to accelerate the development of marine renewable energy M. Healy, T. Lewis and R. Alcorn Hydraulics and Maritime Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland E-mail: info@fp7-marinet.eu Abstract MARINET (Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network) is an EC-funded marine renewable energy infrastructure initiative which seeks to accelerate the development and commercial deployment of marine renewable energy technologies wave, tidal & offshore-wind by streamlining the testing process. World-class research centres and organisations have come together in a network to offer periods of free-of-charge access to their worldclass testing facilities and to develop a joint approach to testing standards, testing research and industry training & networking. The 11m initiative, majority-funded with 9m through the EC's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), runs for four years until 2015. The network of 29 partners, with 42 specialist marine research facilities covering all scales from laboratory to sea, is spread across 11 EU countries and 1 International Cooperation Partner Country (Brazil). This paper outlines what MARINET is, who the partners are, why the initiative is necessary, what it has to offer, what it has done to date, and who can benefit now and in the future. Keywords: Marine renewable energy, MARINET, network, offshore, research infrastructure, test facility, testing. 1 Introduction What is MARINET? World-class marine renewable energy test centres have formed a network in order to advance marine renewables R&D at all scales from small-scale models and laboratory tests through to prototype scales and open-sea tests. MARINET Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network brings together a network of infrastructure and personnel in the offshore marine renewable energy sector with expertise at all scales of marine technology research and development. By offering periods of free-of-charge access and combining the unique capabilities of research centres, MARINET aims to streamline the testing path to accelerate the development and commercial deployment of marine renewable energy technologies. Figure 1: MARINET logo The initiative provides two main elements: free-ofcharge Transnational Access to facilities, and a joint approach to facilities capabilities and services. 1.1 Transnational Access: free-of-charge to 42 Europe-wide test facilities with associated expertise MARINET offers companies and research groups periods of free-of-charge access to test facilities to conduct technology testing at a range of infrastructures. This Transnational Access (TA) at a variety of scales and capabilities means that user groups can use facilities that are unique in Europe and not available in their home country. The Transnational Access to facilities located outside the group s home country can be availed of to test devices at any scale in areas such as wave energy, tidal energy, offshore-wind energy & environmental data or to conduct sub-systems tests on cross-cutting areas such as power take-off systems, electrical grid integration, materials or moorings. In total, over 700 weeks of access is available to an estimated 300 projects and 800 external users, with at least four calls for access applications over the 4-year initiative from 2011-2015. 1.2 Joint approach: streamlining and developing test facility capabilities and services As well as offering periods of free-of-charge test facility access, MARINET partners are working in parallel to: 1
Figure 2: MARINET encompasses wave energy, tidal energy, offshore-wind energy & environmental data and crosscutting areas (common aspects of wave, tidal and offshore-wind) adopt common test standards in order to facilitate the streamlined progression of test devices from small-scale facilities through to larger-scale facilities and open-sea sites conduct coordinated research to improve testing capabilities and techniques across the network facilitate networking and training for industry and research in the form of User Workshops to provide opportunities for collaboration and joint ventures, staff exchange in order to enhance and share expertise, free training courses, and university education development in marine renewable energy. 2 Background Why is MARINET necessary? A major barrier inhibiting the significant potential of marine renewable energy is the lack of comprehensive development and testing of prospective technologies. Testing has tended to be unstructured, consequently resulting in subsequent failures. Successful technology development requires planned and structured R&D at progressive scales in specialised facilities. Europe hosts a full suite of these facilities but coordination is needed to enhance and optimise the availability of these infrastructures, streamline testing at progressive stages, avoid duplication of expensive research infrastructures and maximise utilisation of available facilities. For technology developers, facility access costs and arranging cross-border access can also be significant issues and barriers to progress. MARINET aims to address these issues by streamlining the technology testing process and offering free-of-charge facility access, accessible linked facilities and structured R&D. The network coordinates the unique capabilities and services of marine renewable energy test centres, essentially providing a one-stop-shop for marine renewable energy research and testing of devices and concepts in Europe and farther afield. The range of scales and size of facilities required for complete offshore renewable energy research is very wide. As it would not be possible for all of these facilities to be provided by one country, MARINET provides this breadth of capability. Research activity by the research centres themselves in offshore renewable energy is carried out at individual infrastructures at present. The creation of this network focusses and enhances this activity by exploiting the synergies created in linking the operations of each facility. The initiative helps to speed up the development of the sector by offering support both to researchers and the emerging industry. The network facilitates a long term research strategy and helps to develop the roadmap of research infrastructure requirements for marine renewable energy in the future. 3 Partners Who is in the MARINET network? The network is made up of partner organisations who make outstanding contributions to the field of marine renewable energy research. They represent the particular Knowledge Centres for offshore renewable energy in their respective states. As can be seen from Table 1 below, the network has a range of backgrounds in its 29 partners. These include university and national government research centres, industry research centres, government agencies and industry partners. The partners come from 11 different European countries Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway Portugal, Spain & the UK and an International Cooperation Partner Country, Brazil. The initiative is led by the Hydraulics and Maritime Research Centre at University College Cork in Ireland (UCC-HMRC). It is evident from the size of the network, with 42 infrastructures managed by 29 partners, that the capability offered to support research in this area is extensive. There are many facets of the sector development that require research support. Understanding the fundamental behaviour of systems is crucial and the network partners have the capability to support all levels of development. Figure 3: Partners at the MARINET launch meeting 2
Ireland University College Cork, HMRC (UCC-HMRC) Coordinator Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI-OEDU) Denmark Aalborg Universitet (AAU) Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU) Portugal Wave Energy Centre (WAVEC) United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Centre Ltd. (NAREC) The University of Exeter (UNEXE) European Marine Energy Centre Ltd (EMEC) University of Strathclyde (UNI-STRATH) The University of Edinburgh (UEDIN) Queen s University Belfast (QUB) Plymouth University (PU) Spain Ente Vasco de la Energía (EVE) Tecnalia Research & Innovation Foundation (TECNALIA) Belgium 1-Tech (1-TECH) Netherlands Stichting Tidal Testing Centre (TTC) Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland (ECNETH) Germany Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V (FH-IWES) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover (LUH) Universitaet Stuttgart (USTUTT) France Ecole Centrale de Nantes (ECN) Institut Français de Recherche Pour l'exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) Italy Università Degli Studi Di Firenze (UNIFI-CRIACIV) PIN S.c.r.l. Università Di Firenze (UNIFI-PIN) Università degli Studi della Tuscia (UNITUS) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-INSEAN) Brazil Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S.A. (IPT) Norway Sintef Energi AS (SINTEF) Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU) Table 1: The 29 partners of the MARINET network Figure 4: MARINET partner locations these organisations represent the particular knowledge centres for marine renewable energy in their respective states 3
4 What does MARINET offer? A. Transnational Access: free-ofcharge to 42 Europe-wide test infrastructures with associated expertise A cornerstone of the MARINET initiative is the unprecedented opportunity of free-of-charge transnational access for those who wish to conduct marine renewables testing at specialised infrastructures. Access is open to companies and research groups of any size who wish to test at facilities located outside their home country. Costs of accessing the facility are borne by the EC for defined periods of access, and a contribution is made towards travel and subsistence costs. Applicants can avail of different facilities to suit different stages and scales of a technology s development MARINET streamlining means that results and techniques used at one facility can be carried forward seamlessly to the next facility. The initiative aims to ease the problems for companies and research groups associated with accessing a specialised facility located outside the home state in terms of both gaining access and meeting the financial cost of access as the transnational testing may not qualify for national grant aid. Availing of Transnational Access means following the Structured Development Plan adopted universally by each facility in MARINET. This is based on the testing protocols produced by the IEA-OES [1-2] and the EC FP7 project EquiMar [3]. The suite of facilities that makes up the MARINET network, outlined in the following sections and listed in Table 2 below, represents the highest quality of facilities in the marine renewable energy sector covering all scales and research requirements. The quality of the infrastructures not only depends upon the physical facilities but also includes the capability and experience of the staff. All of the staff at the infrastructures have extensive experience in the field of offshore renewable energy research projects both within their own countries and internationally. At least four calls for access applications are being made over the current four-year phase of the initiative (2011-2015). Prospective applicants initially establish the feasibility of their proposed use of the facility with the relevant Infrastructure Manager before making an application online (www.fp7-marinet.eu). Applications are then evaluated by a panel of internal and external experts. Successful applicants are then granted access to a facility and its personnel for a defined period of time. Following access, the user group must complete a publishable report outlining the (non-commercially sensitive) scientific output of the access received with a view to advancing the state-of-the-art. 4.1 Wave energy infrastructure Figure 5: Example wave energy test facility (UCC- HMRC Wave Basin) Successful commercialisation of wave energy devices requires extensive testing at all scales from concept and theory through to small-scale model, intermediate scales and full ocean tests. Many iterations of testing are required throughout this process and testing infrastructure is fundamental to the whole process. MARINET infrastructures in the wave energy sector represent a full capability suite for testing device performance and research. Small scale laboratory testing facilities for Concept testing (Stage 1, Technology Readiness Levels TRL 1-3) are available at AAU, QUB, UCC-HMRC, UNI-STRATH and UEDIN. Medium/large scale laboratory testing facilities for Design testing (Stage 2, TRL 4) are available at CNR-INSEAN, ECN, IFREMER, LUH (through HYRDRALAB IV) and NAREC. Intermediate-scale field sites for Sub-Systems testing (Stage 3, TRL 5-6) are available at AAU, EMEC and SEAI-OEDU. Large scale field sites for Solo Device Proving (Stage 4, TRL 7-8) and Multi-Device Demonstration (Stage 5, TRL 9) are available at EVE and SEAI-OEDU. 4.2 Tidal energy infrastructure Figure 6: Example tidal energy test facility (IFREMER Wave-Current Circulation Tank) 4
MARINET infrastructures for tidal energy device testing provide a coherent approach to testing and accommodate the increased scaling of tidal devices within world-class facilities as they evolve towards commercialisation. The tow/flow tank facilities at DTU, UNI- STRATH, USTUTT and UNIFI-CRIACIV (wind tunnel) provide first stage testing of approximately 1/30th scale prototypes. The second stage development is provided by largescale recirculating flow channels (CNR-INSEAN, IFREMER) together with scaled in-sea facilities (QUB, TTC) which provide 1/10th scale testing. The nursery test site facility at EMEC provides commercial sized performance quantification. Specialist instrumentation systems for offshore wind measurements are available at NTNU, DTU and USTUTT. Measurement of waves and tides over large sea areas is offered by Plymouth University's novel instrumentation system. QUB, SEAI, EMEC and AAU have wave/tidal data from their test sites available to site users which may be provided to others at the facility's own discretion (i.e. not via MARINET). 4.4 Cross-cutting areas infrastructure 4.3 Offshore-wind energy & environmental data infrastructure Figure 7: Example offshore-wind energy & environmental data test facility (ECNETH Database of Measurements on OWEZ) Offshore wind farms can be installed in all water depths but the development up to now is mainly seen in areas with shallow water. Technologies used further offshore are expected to differ depending on the water depth and the floating concepts to be used in very deep water particularly call for extensive R&D and testing. Wind tunnel facilities are available at UNIFI- CRIACIV and USTUTT. Onshore testing is available at DTU national wind test site. Wind generating capability for combined wind/wave tests is available at ECN, UNI-STRATH and CNR-INSEAN. Environmental data in the form of databases for offshore wind energy or measurement of wave and tidal data at particular locations are also available. Databases for offshore wind energy are available at DTU and ECNETH. Figure 8: Example cross-cutting test facility (NAREC Nautilus Rotary Test Rig) Many research and development requirements associated with offshore renewable energy are common across the wave/tidal/offshore-wind areas and are not device-specific. Examples of such issues include power take-off methods, electrical power conversion systems, scaling performance and dynamic behaviour, station keeping/moorings, materials/corrosion etc. MARINET includes a number of specialist facilities in each of these cross-cutting areas. Small-scale electrical test infrastructures are available at UCC-HMRC, TECNALIA and SINTEF. Rotodynamic water turbine test facilities are offered at USTUTT. Larger scale electrical test facilities are available in NAREC and DTU. Large scale air turbine (OWC) testing infrastructures are available at EVE and WAVEC. Materials testing infrastructure is available at DTU, IFREMER and NAREC at laboratory scale, and at FH-IWES at open sea facilities. Moorings infrastructure is available at a mediumscale site from UNEXE. 5
Focus Area Scale Wave Energy Tidal Energy Offshore-Wind Energy & Environmental Data Small Lab AAU Wave Basin QUB Wave Basin UCC-HMRC Wave Basin UEDIN Curved Wave Tank UNI-STRATH Kelvin Hydrodynamics Lab Large Lab CNR-INSEAN Wave Tank ECN Hydrodynamic and Ocean Engineering Tank IFREMER Deep Seawater Wave Tank IFREMER Wave- Current Circulation Tank NAREC Wave Flume Medium- Scale Site Large- Scale Site AAU Nissum Bredning EMEC Nursery Test Site (Wave) SEAI-OEDU Galway Bay EVE Biscay Marine Energy Platform SEAI-OEDU Belmullet Test Site DTU Current Flume with Carriage UNI-STRATH Kelvin Hydrodynamics Lab USTUTT Laminar Wind Tunnel UNIFI-CRIACIV Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel CNR-INSEAN Circulating Water Channel IFREMER Wave- Current Circulation Tank EMEC Nursery Test Site (Tidal) QUB Portaferry Tidal Test Centre TTC Den Oever Tidal Site No Infrastructure Currently Available UNIFI-CRIACIV Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel UNI-STRATH Kelvin Hydrodynamics Lab USTUTT - Laminar Wind Tunnel CNR-INSEAN Wave Tank ECN Hydrodynamic and Ocean Engineering Tank AAU Nissum Bredning QUB Portaferry Tidal Test Centre SEAI-OEDU Wave Site Data Galway DTU - Database of Wind Characteristics DTU Mobile Offshore Wind Measuring DTU National Wind Test Site ECNETH Database of Measurements on OWEZ NTNU Full-scale wind measurement station PU HF Radar Environmental Monitoring Facility SEAI-OEDU Wave Site Data Belmullet USTUTT Offshore Nacelle LiDAR Table 2: Look-up table of MARINET infrastructures according to their focus-area and scale Cross-Cutting Areas (Electrical/ PTO/Materials etc.) SINTEF Renewable Energy Lab SmartGrids TECNALIA Electrical PTO Lab UCC-HMRC Rotary Test Rig USTUTT Turbine Test Rigs DTU Mechanical Test Facilities DTU PowerLabDK IFREMER Materials in Marine Environment Lab NAREC CPTC Energy Link Labs NAREC Nautilus Rotary Rig UNEXE South West Mooring Test Facility EVE Mutriku OWC Plant FH-IWES Offshore Field Test Facilities WAVEC OWC Pico 6
5 What does MARINET offer? B. Joint approach: streamlining and developing test facility capabilities and services As well as offering periods of free-of-charge test facility access, MARINET partners are working in parallel to streamline their facility capabilities and services and to provide opportunities for industry collaboration and training in order to help accelerate development of the marine renewable energy industry. 5.1 Standardisation and best practice Due to the fact that marine renewables testing centres are not uniformly configured or constructed, standardisation is an important aspect to MARINET. At present there is no pan-europe or worldwide consensus on appropriate test methodologies and practices. Protocols developed in the EC FP7-funded project EquiMar and by the IEA-OES are being implemented and further refined at all MARINET infrastructures. The results of research and testing at these different facilities are therefore suitable for direct cross-infrastructure comparison. These outcomes are feeding directly into on-going international standardisation exercises such as IEC TC114. This work and the production of best practice methods ensures that there is a harmonisation of operations and conformity of methodologies for research and testing at a wide range of infrastructures throughout Europe and further afield. This allows direct comparisons of results between facilities to be undertaken and coherent assessments of the performance and behaviour of different offshore renewable energy systems to be made. This contributes to high quality research, identification and progression of effective technologies and production of valuable due diligence information. Figure 9: Standardisation allows direct comparisons and identification of effective technologies Reports and manuals will be compiled from all the information collected to encourage the standardisation of best practices. These will be available online in Wiki format to encourage on-going use and continuing refinement. Specific areas include: Standardisation and harmonisation of simulations and resource data at all facilities and all scales. Model construction methods full similarity and scalability between model and prototype. Instrumentation standardisation for when upgrading is required. Data analysis methodology and presentation formats. Comparative testing 'Round Robin' testing of a calibration model in MARINET facilities to characterise and verify the performance behaviour of the various test facilities. 5.2 Research to innovate and improve infrastructures, technologies and techniques Offshore renewable energy research activities related to developing, testing and characterisation of wave, tidal and offshore-wind energy systems, from laboratory to full scale, has achieved world class quality at the individual infrastructures. Many problems in the field can be addressed with existing methods and technologies. However, the MARINET network of leading institutions has identified a number of unsolved issues that are specific to offshore renewable energy technology testing that require further research. Figure 10: Improving testing capabilities through research can significantly reduce risk at later Stages (Image: TTC Tidal Testing Centre Den Oever) The research activities will address specific problems related to systems for wave energy, tidal energy, offshore-wind energy, environmental monitoring and cross-cutting issues: Wave Energy new methods related to remote underwater motion measurement, non-intrusive wave field measurement, real time estimation of incident waves. Tidal Energy improvements in the determination of the current velocity field in the rotor catchment area including dynamic effects from turbulence and waves and the resulting dynamic forces in the rotor blades by improving the use of existing (as well as designing new) instrumentation. Offshore-Wind Energy developing high resolution offshore wind methodologies and investigating foundation stability issues including developing a pile-sleeve displacement measuring system. 7
Environmental Monitoring developing standardised methods and techniques for environmental monitoring in the field. Cross-Cutting: Electrical dynamic testing of electrical components and systems and new analysis tools for the effects on the electrical grid. Cross-Cutting: Station-Keeping developing technical and economic moorings solutions including wave tank research on low frequency response and field test buoy research. 5.3 Networking and training MARINET organises and encourages networking and training for the industry and research communities in order to enhance and share expertise and to provide opportunities for collaboration, joint ventures etc. This facilitates the development of a coherent network of marine renewable energy personnel which is a further enabling tool for development of the sector. University education by aiding the development of a European Masters programme by identifying topics that should be offered in the areas of resource, technology, economics and environmental impacts. 6 Progress-to-date 6.1 Transnational Access The MARINET initiative commenced in April 2011 and two calls for applications for Transnational Access to MARINET infrastructures have already taken place. The first call was open from December 2011- February 2012 for testing access during the period June 2012 to January 2013. Over 60 applications were made from companies and research groups based in 12 European countries to access specialist facilities located in 7 different countries. The majority of applications were from commercial entities. Many high-quality applications were received and some facilities were oversubscribed. Applications were evaluated by a panel of internal and external experts. Over half the applicants were granted access to a MARINET facility, and these User Groups are currently availing of MARINET infrastructures to test their technologies. Figure 11: Participants at a MARINET training course MARINET networking and training takes the form of: User Workshops for those who have availed of Transnational Access to provide and encourage opportunities for collaboration, technology promotion, partnerships and knowledge exchange. Traditionally, technology development work in this area has been fragmented with individuals and groups working independently of each other. These Workshops will allow true networking and research exchange to be undertaken between groups. Staff exchange programme for personnel working within existing MARINET research infrastructures. This helps to share knowledge and experience, train new people for the sector and achieve harmonisation of procedures/practices adopted by providing hands-on experience at a host Infrastructure. This increases the provision of knowledgeable researchers, engineers and technicians to meet the demands of the industry. Free training courses open to all, in numerical modelling techniques, experimental testing and facility operation in order to enhance knowledge and expertise in the industry. Figure 12: Free-of-charge Transnational Access OWEL (Offshore Wave Energy Ltd.) undergoing testing at the UCC-HMRC Ocean Wave Basin The second call, for access to infrastructures during the period February-July 2013, was open from July September 2012. Applications are currently being evaluated and decisions will be announced in late December 2012. At least two further calls for applications for free-ofcharge Transnational Access will be made before the current phase of MARINET concludes in 2015. Details will be announced via the mailing list and on the MARINET website, www.fp7-marinet.eu. 6.2 Joint activity In the joint activity areas of standardisation, research and networking & training, MARINET partners have already delivered on a number of tangible outputs. 8
Reports on wave, tidal, offshore-wind and crosscutting simulation and model construction methods have been completed including reviews of systems and instrumentation and best practices in measurement, storage, characterisation and presentation of data. Most of these reports and reviews will be available on the MARINET website and on a Wiki page so that the information can remain useful and updateable over time. As MARINET progresses, further significant work will be carried out on standardisation and research to improve infrastructures, technologies and techniques. The first free training course ( Experimental testing in wave tanks and flumes ) has taken place. Over 25 participants from industry and research centres attended the course in March 2012, organised and hosted by UCC-HMRC. Seven further courses will be hosted by various MARINET partners on topics such as offshorewind measurement techniques, remote sensing offshore, modelling of wind actions on offshore structures, modelling of air turbines, monitoring of pilot plants and zones, instrumentation of ocean devices and modelling of electrical equipment. 7 Who can benefit from MARINET? 7.1 Technology developers & researchers streamlined testing route to market, training in testing techniques MARINET offers technology developers and research groups a streamlined and accessible testing route to ease the path to commercialisation of a technology. With free-of-charge access to specialised research infrastructures in different countries, MARINET addresses some of the financial and logistical barriers usually encountered by technology developers. With standardised testing methods and performance evaluation, technologies can move seamlessly through the prescribed testing stages as they are scaled-up and tested at different facilities and the best technologies will be easily identifiable. MARINET also provides free-of-charge training for all those involved in the industry, particularly young researchers. To apply for the next course, or to avail of the benefits of Transnational Access, go to www.fp7- marinet.eu. Figure 13: A group preparing experiments at the MARINET training course Experimental testing in wave tanks and flumes held at UCC-HMRC 7.2 MARINET research centres MARINET partners are members of a network of world-class research centres in the marine renewable energy industry that is standardising testing and evaluation of technologies, conducting combined research to improve their own facilities and conducting networking and training to improve their own staff and networks in the industry. By being part of the network, the research centres are availing of these benefits and are represented in a shop window of marine renewable energy infrastructure. The new industry network aims to become the standard representative group for marine renewable energy testing which will facilitate long term research strategies at EU and world level and help to accelerate the development of the industry. Figure 14: Conducting experiments at the MARINET training course 7.3 Non-MARINET research centres Research centres outside the initial MARINET network can benefit from many of the initiatives and activities being carried out by MARINET, particularly in the areas of standardisation, research and networking. While no funding is available for new partners in the current phase of MARINET, the network aims to encourage participation, research and adoption of standards by all centres in the industry. This will create a critical mass of centres working together to common standards with streamlined access thus benefiting the industry as a whole. Non- MARINET research centres can apply to the coordinator (UCC-HMRC) to become associate partners of MARINET in order to reap the benefits of being part of this network. 9
8 Conclusion The leading research centres in marine renewable energy have formed a network to combine their significant capabilities and expertise to help accelerate the commercialisation of the industry. MARINET aims to optimise the use of existing infrastructures whilst easing the testing path for those who are developing and testing these technologies. EC financial support enables these research centres to offer periods of access to their infrastructures free-of-charge, while simultaneously funding standardisation, research and networking & training. This is a unique opportunity for technology developers and research centres alike which can be a catalyst for the industry to move beyond the precommercial stage. Acknowledgement The work described in this paper has received support from the European Community s Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 Capacities Specific Programme through grant agreement number 262552, MARINET. References [1] B. Holmes, K. Nielsen. (2010): Guidelines for the Development & Testing of Wave Energy Systems. Report T02-2.1, OES-IA Annex II Task 2.1. Available: www.iea-oceans.org [2] A.S. Bahaj, L.Blunden, A.A. Anwar. (2008): Tidal Energy Development Protocol. University of Southampton, Report from BERR for the OES- IA, OES-IA Annex II Task 2.2. Available: www.iea-oceans.org [1] T. McCombes, C. Johnstone, B. Holmes, L.E. Myers, A.S. Bahaj, J.P. Kofoed. (2010): Best Practice for Tank Testing of Small Marine Energy Devices. EC FP7 EquiMar (Grant Agreement 213380), Deliverable D3.4. Available: www.equimar.org. Figure 15: The MARINET network of 42 infrastructures available for free-of-charge access 10