U. Lindemann (Ed.) Human Behaviour in Design

U. Lindemann (Ed.) Human Behaviour in Design

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Engineering ONLINE LIBRARY http://www.springer.de/engine/

Udo Lindemann (Ed.) Human Behaviour in Design Individuals, Teams, Tools With 95 Figures Springer

Professor Dr.-Ing. Udo Lindemann Technische Universitat Munchen Institute for Product Development Boltzmannstr. 15 85748 Garching e-mail: sekr.@pe.mw.tum.de ISBN 978-3-642-07366-3 ISBN 978-3-662-07811-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-07811-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in -Publication -Data applied for A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. http://www.springer.de Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2003 The use of general descriptive names, registered names trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: camera-ready by author Cover design: medio Technologies AG, Berlin Printed on acid free paper 62130201M - 5 4 3 2 1 0

Contents Preface Introduction Conclusion and Outlook 6 Topic I: Individual thinking and acting 8 Re-Interpretation of Conceptualisation - A Contribution to the Advance of 10 Design Theory Bernd Bender, Lucienne TM Blessing On the Importance of the Unconscious and the Cognitive Economy in Design Klaus Ehrlenspiel Strategic knowledge differences between an expert and a novice designer John S Gero Cognitive economy in design reasoning Gabriela Goldschmidt Entropy reduction in mathematical giftedness Werner Krause et at. Apperception, content-based psychology and design Pertti Saariluoma Sketches for Design and Design of Sketches 25 42 53 63 72 79

Barbara Tversky Dynamic aspects of individual design activities. A cognitive ergonomics 87 viewpoint Willemien Visser Individual Thinking and Acting: Summary of Discussion Lucienne Blessing 97 Topic II: Interaction between individuals Blindfolded Classroom: Getting Design Students to Use Mental Imagery Uday Athavankar, Arnab Mukherjee Analysis of solution finding processes in design teams Petra Badke-Schaub, Joachim Stempfle Processes for Effective Satisfaction of Requirements by Individual Designers and Design Teams Amaresh Chakrabarti Manifestation of Divergent-Convergent Thinking in Question Asking and Decision Making Processes of Design Teams: A Performance Dimension Ozgur Eris Towards a Conceptual Framework for Predicting Engineering Design Team Performance Based on Question Asking Activity Simulation Ade Mabogunje Collaborative Product Development Considerations Stig Ottosson Managing breakdowns in international distributed design projects Stephen AR Scrivener et al. How Engineering Designers Obtain Information Ken Wallace, Saeema Ahmed Interaction between individuals: Summary of Discussion Herbert Birkhofer, Judith Jiinsch Topic III: Methods, tools and prerequisites 104 111 121 132 142 154 164 174 184 195 203

Improving Design Methods' Usability by a Mindset Approach 209 Mogens Myrup Andreasen Design Problem Solving: Strands of My Research 219 B. Chandrasekaran Cognitive Outsourcing in the Conceptual Phase of the Design Process 230 Gunter Hahne, Torsten Brix Sketching in 3D 243 What should Future Tools for Conceptual Design look like? Martin Pache, Udo Lindemann VR! AR - Applications, Limitations and Researchin the Industrial 253 Environment Ralph Schonfelder Knowledge Deployment: How to Use Design Knowledge 261 Tetsuo Tomiyama Reconsidering the divergent thinking guidelines for design idea 272 generation activity Remko van der Lugt Designers and Users - an Unhappy Love Affair? 283 Rudiger von der Weth Methods, tools and prerequisites: Summary of Discussion 292 Gunter Hahne, Torsten Brix Future Issues in Design Research 298

Preface Udo Lindemann "Human Behaviour in Design" addresses some important aspects of creative engineering design. An informal group of German scientists in engineering design and cognitive psychology have been co-operating for some years and discussing the basic issues of design thinking. The main topics are the role of the interaction between two complementary modalities - image ("Bild'') and concept ("Begrif.f''), internal and external components of design thinking, and design strategies - both for individual designers and design teams. One of the goals is to improve and evaluate tools and methods that support design. This group was initiated by Klaus Ehrlenspiel during a set of workshops called the "Ladenburger Diskurs" in 1992 and '93. We have to thank Klaus Ehrlenspiel for his initiative and his vision of future research. After ten years of regular meetings and a number of bilateral research projects between members of this group, a number of papers had been published in journals and at conferences (both in the fields of psychology as well as engineering). It then seemed that a strong link to other international activities was required. Because of this impression the group organised a conference and invited a number of experts in the addressed area of research. "Human Behaviour in Design" was the title of this conference, which took place in March 2003 in the castle of Hohenkammer in Germany. All of the participants prepared a paper and a poster from their field of research. Based on these documents and additional modifications following the joint discussion, we were able to create this book. In addition the stream chairs tried to summarise the outcome - results and questions - of the discussions within the streams as well as in the plenary session. I want to say thank you to all participants for all their efforts before, during, and after the conference. Conferences as well as books have to be prepared and organised. This was done by the "Bild und Begriff' group during a set of meetings and with additional individual work. Key persons within this team were Hans Stricker and Martin Pache, who had to carry the main organisational load of the conference along with this book. Thank you to the whole "Bild und Begriff' group, the chairpersons as well as the organising team. Financial support was given by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (German Science Foundation) which carried most of the cost of the conference. With this basis we were able to invite key persons from around the globe to participate at the conference and prepare this book. The participants came from 6 European countries, from Australia, India, Israel and the USA. Thank you to all of the participants at the conference and the authors of the papers and the conclusion! discussion sections prepared for this book.

Udo Lindemann The venue of the conference was Schloss Hohenkammer, an old water castle located in the Bavarian countryside in the south of Germany. This location was an excellent site for intensive and deep discussions amongst the participants. We have to thank the publisher Springer for supporting this book. From the vel) beginning the collaboration was target oriented and fruitful.